1Now for the matters you wrote about: It is good to abstain from sexual relations.
2But because there is so much sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife, and each woman her own husband.
3The husband should fulfill his marital duty to his wife, and likewise the wife to her husband.
4The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife.
5Do not deprive each other, except by mutual consent and for a time, so you may devote yourselves to prayer. Then come together again, so that Satan will not tempt you through your lack of self-control.
6I say this as a concession, not as a command.
7I wish that all men were as I am. But each man has his own gift from God; one has this gift, another has that.
8Now to the unmarried and widows I say this: It is good for them to remain unmarried, as I am.
9But if they cannot control themselves, let them marry. For it is better to marry than to burn with passion.
10To the married I give this command (not I, but the Lord): A wife must not separate from her husband.
11But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife.
12To the rest I say this (I, not the Lord): If a brother has an unbelieving wife and she is willing to live with him, he must not divorce her.
13And if a woman has an unbelieving husband and he is willing to live with her, she must not divorce him.
14For the unbelieving husband is sanctified through his believing wife, and the unbelieving wife is sanctified through her believing husband. Otherwise your children would be unclean, but now they are holy.
15But if the unbeliever leaves, let him go. The believing brother or sister is not bound in such cases. God has called you to live in peace.
16How do you know, wife, whether you will save your husband? Or how do you know, husband, whether you will save your wife?
17Regardless, each one should lead the life that the Lord has assigned to him and to which God has called him. This is what I prescribe in all the churches.
18Was a man already circumcised when he was called? He should not become uncircumcised. Was a man still uncircumcised when called? He should not be circumcised.
19Circumcision is nothing and uncircumcision is nothing. Keeping God’s commandments is what counts.
20Each one should remain in the situation he was in when he was called.
21Were you a slave when you were called? Do not let it concern you—but if you can gain your freedom, take the opportunity.
22For he who was a slave when he was called by the Lord is the Lord’s freedman. Conversely, he who was a free man when he was called is Christ’s slave.
23You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of men.
24Brothers, each one should remain in the situation he was in when God called him.
25Now about virgins, I have no command from the Lord, but I give a judgment as one who by the Lord’s mercy is trustworthy.
26Because of the present crisis, I think it is good for a man to remain as he is.
27Are you committed to a wife? Do not seek to be released. Are you free of commitment? Do not look for a wife.
28But if you do marry, you have not sinned. And if a virgin marries, she has not sinned. But those who marry will face troubles in this life, and I want to spare you this.
29What I am saying, brothers, is that the time is short. From now on those who have wives should live as if they had none;
30those who weep, as if they did not; those who are joyful, as if they were not; those who make a purchase, as if they had nothing;
31and those who use the things of this world, as if not dependent on them. For this world in its present form is passing away.
32I want you to be free from concern. The unmarried man is concerned about the work of the Lord, how he can please the Lord.
33But the married man is concerned about the affairs of this world, how he can please his wife,
34and his interests are divided. The unmarried woman or virgin is concerned about the work of the Lord, how she can be holy in both body and spirit. But the married woman is concerned about the affairs of this world, how she can please her husband.
35I am saying this for your own good, not to restrict you, but in order to promote proper decorum and undivided devotion to the Lord.
36However, if someone thinks he is acting inappropriately toward his betrothed, and if she is beyond her youth and they ought to marry, let him do as he wishes; he is not sinning; they should get married.
37But the man who is firmly established in his heart and under no constraint, with control over his will and resolve in his heart not to marry the virgin, he will do well.
38So then, he who marries the virgin does well, but he who does not marry her does even better.
39A wife is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to marry anyone she wishes, as long as he belongs to the Lord.
40In my judgment, however, she is happier if she remains as she is. And I think that I too have the Spirit of God.
1 Corinthians 7 Section and Chapter Commentary
1 Cor 7:1-40
Colossians' view of salvation and household relations vs. Paul
Colossians presents salvation as already achieved and cosmic powers disarmed, contrasting with Paul's argument in 1 Corinthians 15, where the final defeat of powers is yet to come. Additionally, Colossians advocates for conventional Greco-Roman household management, advising wives to obey husbands and children their parents, which differs from Paul's counsel for sexual asceticism in 1 Corinthians 7 due to apocalyptic urgency.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 5: Christians, the High God, and the Jews | Marcion and the Invention of the New Testament · watch the clip
Marcion's stance on circumcision and celibacy
While Paul argued that circumcision was unnecessary for Gentiles, Marcion deemed it wrong for everyone, seeing it as further evidence of the lower God's focus on the flesh. Similarly, Paul's eschatological exhortation to celibacy in 1 Corinthians 7, given the shortness of time, was adopted by Marcion as a standing condition for baptism, reflecting his cosmological theology that viewed flesh as belonging to the lower creator God.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 5: Christians, the High God, and the Jews | Marcion and the Invention of the New Testament · watch the clip
Paul's hierarchy of celibacy and marriage
In 1 Corinthians 7, Paul establishes a clear hierarchy where celibacy is the ideal state for Christians. Marriage is presented as a legitimate but inferior alternative, a concession to human weakness to prevent 'porneia' (sexual immorality), rather than a good in itself. He explicitly states, 'It is better to marry than to burn with passion,' indicating his preference for celibacy.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 11: The Christian Body | Ascetic Enthusiasm · watch the clip
Pastoral Epistles encourage marriage, unlike Paul's genuine letters
The Pastoral Epistles, specifically 1 Timothy, advocate for Christian leaders to be married to one wife. This contrasts with Paul's genuine letters, such as 1 Corinthians, where he promotes celibacy, suggesting a potential difference in perspective or context.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 23: In Paul’s Name | More Disputed Letters (...and Hebrews ?) · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:1-16
Paul's Moderate Stance on Marriage and Celibacy
Responding to the Corinthians' belief that it was best for a man not to have sex with a woman, Paul commends celibacy, noting his own practice, but also advises married couples not to refuse each other sexually, except by mutual agreement for a season of prayer, to avoid temptation. He also takes a moderate stance against divorce, allowing for separation if an unbelieving spouse chooses to leave.
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1 Cor 7:1-9
Paul's counsel on celibacy and self-control
Paul's writings in 1 Corinthians 7 were interpreted by early Christians as advocating for celibacy as an ideal way to demonstrate devotion. While Paul conceded that marriage was permissible for those who could not control themselves, he expressed a personal wish that all could be like him, implying a life free from marital distractions. Galatians 5 also lists self-control as a fruit of the Spirit, reinforcing its importance.
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Paul's teaching on foregoing marriage
The Acts of Paul and Thecla depicts Thecla hearing Paul preach about the value of virginity and foregoing marriage. This aligns with Paul's own teachings in his letters, where he advocates for celibacy and states that he himself remained unmarried.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Who Was Thecla��and Why Did Early Christians Love Her? · watch the clip
Self-Control and Mastery of the Body
Paul's use of sports imagery, particularly the athlete's self-control, highlights his emphasis on self-mastery and controlling physical passions. This aligns with his broader teachings on avoiding temptation and maintaining spiritual equilibrium, suggesting that if one cannot achieve such self-control, marriage can provide a legitimate outlet.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why Does Paul Use So Many Sports Metaphors? · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:1-7
Household Codes in Deutero-Pauline Epistles
The household codes in Ephesians and Colossians provide guidelines for behavior within Greco-Roman households, addressing husbands, wives, children, and enslaved people. While emphasizing wives' submission to husbands, these letters also instruct husbands to love and treat their wives well, which could align with Paul's emphasis on mutual responsibilities in 1 Corinthians, though some scholars see a more rigid hierarchy here.
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Critique of Abstinence in Ephesians
Ephesians appears to critique abstinence within marriage, stating that 'no one ever hates his own flesh, but he nourishes it and tenderly cares for it.' This contrasts with Paul's stance in 1 Corinthians, where he champions abstinence and views sexual activity within marriage as a concession to prevent worse desires, suggesting a potential inconsistency with Paul's authentic letters.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 4: In Thecla's Wake | Women, Gender, and the Legacies of Paul in Early Christianity · watch the clip
Marriage as a 'Great Mystery' in Ephesians
Ephesians describes marriage as a 'great mystery' concerning Christ and the Church, seemingly elevating its importance. This perspective appears to diverge from Paul's view in 1 Corinthians, where he considers marriage primarily a concession to human desires and encourages remaining unmarried to focus on the Lord's affairs.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 4: In Thecla's Wake | Women, Gender, and the Legacies of Paul in Early Christianity · watch the clip
Forbidding Marriage as a Sign of Deceit in 1 Timothy
First Timothy warns against those who 'forbid marriage and abstain from certain foods,' identifying these practices as 'teachings of demons.' This directly opposes Paul's authentic teachings, particularly in 1 Corinthians, where he advises against marriage if possible, highlighting a significant divergence in views on marriage and asceticism.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 4: In Thecla's Wake | Women, Gender, and the Legacies of Paul in Early Christianity · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:1-5
Marital Sexual Activity to Prevent Immorality
Responding to a Corinthian slogan suggesting abstinence even within marriage, Paul instructs husbands and wives to engage in sexual activity with each other. His reasoning is not that sex is inherently good, but that it prevents temptation and worse forms of sexual immorality, such as adultery, by managing sexual urges.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 3: Better to Marry Than to Burn | The Crises of Corinth · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:10-16
No divorce and sanctification in mixed marriages
Paul teaches against divorce, even in mixed marriages where one partner is an unbeliever. He argues that the unbelieving partner is sanctified through the believing partner, and this holiness extends to their children. This suggests a concept of impurity transfer through physical contact, where the believing spouse's indwelling 'pneuma' (spirit) can render the unbelieving spouse holy.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 11: The Christian Body | Ascetic Enthusiasm · watch the clip
Paul and Mark strain against Jesus' divorce teaching, a sign it is authentic
Mendez applies the criterion of dissimilarity to Jesus on divorce. Paul wants to allow divorce and remarriage in the case of an unbelieving partner, yet he carefully marks that exception as his own and not Jesus', relating a Jesus tradition with no exceptions that pulls against his agenda; Mendez says an author simply inventing Jesus' words would have invented a Jesus with exceptions, so the strong teaching is very likely authentic. Even Mark seems to wrestle with it, since the Pharisees point out that the Hebrew Bible permits divorce and Jesus still pushes back hard, which gives scholars the impression this material is more likely credible.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 15: From Memory to History | (Re-)Constructing Jesus · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:10-15
Jesus' Teaching on Divorce
Paul cites a command from Jesus against divorce, stating that a wife should not separate from her husband and a husband should not divorce his wife. He applies this teaching to mixed marriages, advising believers not to divorce unbelieving spouses who consent to live with them, hoping the relationship might lead to the unbeliever's conversion.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 3: Better to Marry Than to Burn | The Crises of Corinth · watch the clip
Jesus' Teaching on Divorce and Remarriage (Paul)
Paul, in 1 Corinthians, relays a teaching from Jesus that prohibits wives from separating from their husbands and vice-versa. If a separation does occur, the individuals should remain single or reconcile. Paul then introduces his own exception, not from Jesus, allowing a Christian to remarry if their unbelieving spouse initiates a divorce.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 15: From Memory to History | (Re-)Constructing Jesus · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:25-35
Paul's preference for virginity due to apocalyptic conviction
Paul advises virgins to remain unmarried, stating that 'the form of this world is passing away.' He frames his counsel within an apocalyptic conviction, suggesting that remaining single allows for greater devotion to the Lord, free from the concerns of pleasing a spouse. While marriage is not a sin, virginity is presented as the preferable state.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 11: The Christian Body | Ascetic Enthusiasm · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:26-31
Eschatological Urgency and Sexual Ethics
Paul's counsel for continence and celibacy in 1 Corinthians 7 was directly tied to his belief in the 'impending distress' and the passing away of 'the form of this world.' His extreme sexual ethics were shaped by his urgent eschatological timetable, advocating for undistracted prayer in preparation for the kingdom.
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1 Cor 7:29-35
Remain in Your Called State
Paul advises believers to remain in the social and marital condition they were in when they were called to faith. This counsel is rooted in his belief that 'the appointed time has grown short,' meaning the end of the world is imminent, and he wants people to focus on 'the affairs of the Lord' without the distractions of marital responsibilities.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 3: Better to Marry Than to Burn | The Crises of Corinth · watch the clip
1 Corinthians 7 Verse Notes
1 Cor 7:7
Bishops' Qualifications Through Marriage and Fatherhood in 1 Timothy
First Timothy suggests that male bishops are well-qualified through their roles as husbands and fathers. This criterion for leadership directly opposes Paul's personal preference and advice in 1 Corinthians for individuals to remain unmarried to better serve the Lord, indicating a shift in values regarding marriage and leadership.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 4: In Thecla's Wake | Women, Gender, and the Legacies of Paul in Early Christianity · watch the clip
Jesus' Marital Status
There is no historical evidence or Jewish injunction requiring Jesus to be married. Sociological factors of the ancient world, such as a higher male population due to childbirth mortality among women, would have made universal marriage impossible. Furthermore, several prominent Jewish figures of the period, including apocalypticists like the Essenes and the Apostle Paul, were celibate.
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Asceticism and Celibacy in Early Christianity
The roots of monasticism are deeply embedded in ascetic tendencies, which involve practices or training for a disciplined way of life. Paul's suggestion that it would be better for everyone to be unmarried, as he was, was interpreted as an endorsement of celibacy, contributing to the ascetic framework that flourished in early Christianity.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Christian Monks in a Desert Full of Sound · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:8-9
Celibacy as Ideal, Marriage as Concession
Paul, who is unmarried, encourages the unmarried and widows to remain single, viewing it as the ideal state. However, he concedes that if individuals lack self-control and are 'aflame with passion,' it is better for them to marry, implying marriage is a secondary option to manage desires rather than an inherent good.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 3: Better to Marry Than to Burn | The Crises of Corinth · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:8
Widows and Marriage in 1 Timothy
First Timothy recommends that younger widows should 'marry, bear children, and manage their households,' viewing idle widows as problematic. This advice directly contradicts Paul's counsel in 1 Corinthians, where he encourages widows to remain unmarried to avoid worldly distractions and focus on the Lord's affairs, presenting a clear contradiction between the two texts.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 4: In Thecla's Wake | Women, Gender, and the Legacies of Paul in Early Christianity · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:10-11
Jesus's Teaching on Divorce and Remarriage
Paul refers to a specific teaching from 'the Lord' regarding divorce and remarriage, indicating Jesus's strict stance on the matter. This suggests that Jesus's ethical teachings were preserved and transmitted early, influencing the Corinthians' discussions and paralleling similar accounts in the Synoptic Gospels.
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Paul's Limited Reporting of Jesus' Teachings
Paul's letters, being personal correspondence, do not aim to provide a narrative of Jesus' life. He mentions only three specific teachings of Jesus: instructions at the Last Supper, the prohibition of divorce, and the directive to pay preachers. Paul does not discuss Jesus' parables, miracles, or exorcisms.
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Distinction Between Paul's Commands and the Lord's on Divorce
In 1 Corinthians 7, Paul explicitly distinguishes between commands he gives personally and those he received from the Lord. He states that the prohibition against divorce for married believers comes directly from the Lord, implying it's a teaching from the resurrected Christ, not from his own judgment.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · What Does Paul Tell Us About the Historical Jesus? · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:10
Jesus' teachings on marriage and support for ministers
Paul quotes two of Jesus' teachings, one concerning instructions for followers regarding marriage and another about the right of those who preach the gospel to receive support. This demonstrates Paul's knowledge of specific ethical and practical teachings attributed to Jesus.
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Jesus taught against divorce
Paul addresses the issue of divorce in 1 Corinthians 7, stating that "the Lord says no" to divorce. This aligns with Jesus' teaching on marriage found in the Synoptic Gospels, such as Mark 10:11-12.
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Paul's Limited Quotations of Jesus' Teachings
Paul rarely quotes Jesus' teachings directly, mentioning only three specific sayings in 1 Corinthians. These include instructions against divorce (1 Cor 7), the right to be paid as a preacher (1 Cor 9), and the words of institution at the Last Supper (1 Cor 11). Notably, Paul does not quote Jesus on core themes like forgiveness, repentance, or keeping the Commandments, which were central to Jesus' own message.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Paul and Jesus at Odds · watch the clip
Paul's Limited Explicit Quotations of Jesus
Paul rarely quotes Jesus directly in his letters, doing so only three times, all within 1 Corinthians. These instances include advocating for financial support for ministers, advising against divorce, and recounting the words of the Last Supper. Notably, these are not typically considered the most central teachings of Jesus, and the historicity of the Last Supper words is debated among scholars.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Paul Accept the Teachings of Jesus? · watch the clip
Paul's Limited Direct Quotes of Jesus
Paul directly quotes Jesus only three times, all in 1 Corinthians. These instances include Jesus' words at the Last Supper, a prohibition against divorce for believers, and the principle that Christian preachers should be paid. While Paul's letters contain many statements comparable to Jesus' teachings, he does not attribute these to Jesus.
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1 Cor 7:12-13
Paul's Personal Counsel on Mixed Marriages
Following his statement on divorce, Paul offers advice regarding marriages between believers and unbelievers, explicitly stating that this counsel comes from himself and not directly from the Lord. This highlights his method of differentiating between divine revelation and his own practical guidance for the community.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · What Does Paul Tell Us About the Historical Jesus? · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:19
Jewish Law and Paul as Heretic
Jewish Christians believed that Jewish identity and adherence to the Jewish law were essential for followers of Jesus, rejecting the idea that Jesus' death and resurrection abrogated the law. Consequently, they viewed Paul as an arch-heretic because his teachings, particularly regarding Gentile converts not needing circumcision, led to the abandonment of Jewish practices.
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1 Cor 7:20
Remain in Your Called State
Paul advises believers to remain in the social and marital condition they were in when they were called to faith. This counsel is rooted in his belief that 'the appointed time has grown short,' meaning the end of the world is imminent, and he wants people to focus on 'the affairs of the Lord' without the distractions of marital responsibilities.
Summarized by AI · Must Women Keep Silent? Paul's Real Views on Gender, Desire, and Women · Lecture 3: Better to Marry Than to Burn | The Crises of Corinth · watch the clip
Slavery Metaphors and Liberation
The metaphor of being 'enslaved to God' can be problematic for those impacted by the legacy of slavery, but for others, it can be freeing by suggesting that no human master or worldly concern should rule over us. While some Christian apologetics claim Paul's words in Galatians 3:28 imply Christian liberation of slaves, Paul also advises slaves in 1 Corinthians to remain in their current state, indicating a more complex stance on the issue.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is Jesus For Non-Christians, Too? · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:21
Ambiguity in 1 Corinthians 7:21 Regarding Slavery
First Corinthians 7:21 presents a grammatical and translational ambiguity regarding Paul's advice to enslaved persons. The Greek phrase can be interpreted in two main ways: either 'make good use of your present condition' (i.e., remain enslaved but find spiritual freedom) or 'make use of your opportunity to obtain freedom' (i.e., seek liberation if possible). This ambiguity significantly alters Paul's message on slavery, and translation committees must decide which interpretation to convey, often leading to footnotes acknowledging the uncertainty.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · How to Translate the Bible: Problems and Pitfalls · watch the clip
1 Cor 7:29
Ascetic Beatitudes in the Acts of Paul and Thecla
The Acts of Paul and Thecla presents an asceticized version of Matthew's Beatitudes, extolling virginity as the supreme Christian virtue. It blesses those who keep their flesh chaste, are continent, or have wives 'as if not having them' (meaning abstaining from sex), promising them a temple of God and divine experience.
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1 Cor 7:32-35
Salvation Through Childbearing in 1 Timothy
First Timothy states that women 'will be saved through childbearing, provided they continue in faith and love and holiness with modesty.' This concept of salvation through childbearing directly contradicts Paul's emphasis in 1 Corinthians on remaining unmarried and childless to dedicate oneself to the Lord, further highlighting the differing theological perspectives.
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