Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of Genesis · Chapter 38 of 50

Genesis 38: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

30 verses · 3 video commentaries from 2 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1About that time, Judah left his brothers and settled near a man named Hirah, an Adullamite.

2There Judah saw the daughter of a Canaanite man named Shua, and he took her as a wife and slept with her.

3So she conceived and gave birth to a son, and Judah named him Er.

4Again she conceived and gave birth to a son, and she named him Onan.

5Then she gave birth to another son and named him Shelah; it was at Chezib that she gave birth to him.

6Now Judah acquired a wife for Er, his firstborn, and her name was Tamar.

7But Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the LORD; so the LORD put him to death.

8Then Judah said to Onan, “Sleep with your brother’s wife. Perform your duty as her brother-in-law and raise up offspring for your brother.”

9But Onan knew that the offspring would not belong to him; so whenever he would sleep with his brother’s wife, he would spill his seed on the ground so that he would not produce offspring for his brother.

10What he did was wicked in the sight of the LORD, so He put Onan to death as well.

11Then Judah said to his daughter-in-law Tamar, “Live as a widow in your father’s house until my son Shelah grows up.” For he thought, “He may die too, like his brothers.” So Tamar went to live in her father’s house.

12After a long time Judah’s wife, the daughter of Shua, died. When Judah had finished mourning, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite went up to his sheepshearers at Timnah.

13When Tamar was told, “Your father-in-law is going up to Timnah to shear his sheep,”

14she removed her widow’s garments, covered her face with a veil to disguise herself, and sat at the entrance to Enaim, which is on the way to Timnah. For she saw that although Shelah had grown up, she had not been given to him as a wife.

15When Judah saw her, he thought she was a prostitute because she had covered her face.

16Not realizing that she was his daughter-in-law, he went over to her and said, “Come now, let me sleep with you.” “What will you give me for sleeping with you?” she inquired.

17“I will send you a young goat from my flock,” Judah answered. But she replied, “Only if you leave me something as a pledge until you send it.”

18“What pledge should I give you?” he asked. She answered, “Your seal and your cord, and the staff in your hand.” So he gave them to her and slept with her, and she became pregnant by him.

19Then Tamar got up and departed. And she removed her veil and put on her widow’s garments again.

20Now when Judah sent his friend Hirah the Adullamite with the young goat to collect the items he had left with the woman, he could not find her.

21He asked the men of that place, “Where is the shrine prostitute who was beside the road at Enaim?” “No shrine prostitute has been here,” they answered.

22So Hirah returned to Judah and said, “I could not find her, and furthermore, the men of that place said, ‘No shrine prostitute has been here.’”

23“Let her keep the items,” Judah replied. “Otherwise we will become a laughingstock. After all, I did send her this young goat, but you could not find her.”

24About three months later, Judah was told, “Your daughter-in-law Tamar has prostituted herself, and now she is pregnant.” “Bring her out!” Judah replied. “Let her be burned to death!”

25As she was being brought out, Tamar sent a message to her father-in-law: “I am pregnant by the man to whom these items belong.” And she added, “Please examine them. Whose seal and cord and staff are these?”

26Judah recognized the items and said, “She is more righteous than I, since I did not give her to my son Shelah.” And he did not have relations with her again.

27When the time came for Tamar to give birth, there were twins in her womb.

28And as she was giving birth, one of them put out his hand; so the midwife took a scarlet thread and tied it around his wrist. “This one came out first,” she announced.

29But when he pulled his hand back and his brother came out, she said, “You have broken out first!” So he was named Perez.

30Then his brother came out with the scarlet thread around his wrist, and he was named Zerah.

Genesis 38 Section and Chapter Commentary

Gen 38:1-30

Biblical Stereotypes vs. Individual Portrayals of Widows

While biblical laws in Exodus 22, Deuteronomy 24, and Isaiah 1 generally portray widows as vulnerable, needy, and requiring protection and advocacy, individual stories like Tamar (Genesis 38), Ruth, Abigail (1 Samuel), and the widow of Zarephath (1 Kings 17) depict them as strong, self-determined, and capable of taking bold, sometimes morally ambiguous, actions to achieve their goals.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Gen 38:11-26

Tamar's deception and Judah's hypocrisy

The narrative of Judah and Tamar reveals complex moral dynamics. Judah fails to give his third son, Shelah, to Tamar as promised, fearing he too would die. Tamar then disguises herself as a prostitute and has sex with Judah, becoming pregnant. When Judah learns of her pregnancy and orders her execution for adultery, Tamar reveals Judah's signet, cord, and staff, proving he is the father. Judah acknowledges her righteousness, exposing his own hypocrisy and moral failing.

Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 5: Moral Lessons in the Stories of the Patriarchs · watch the clip

Genesis 38 Verse Notes

Gen 38:8-10

Onan's refusal to fulfill levirate marriage

Onan's story illustrates a divine judgment against his refusal to fulfill the custom of levirate marriage. After his brother Er dies childless, Onan is commanded to marry Er's widow, Tamar, and produce an heir for his brother. However, Onan practices coitus interruptus to avoid having children that would not be considered his own, leading God to kill him for his disobedience. This passage is also historically significant for the origin of the term "Onanism."

Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 5: Moral Lessons in the Stories of the Patriarchs · watch the clip

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