Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of Luke · Chapter 18 of 24

Luke 18: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

43 verses · 30 video commentaries from 8 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1Then Jesus told them a parable about their need to pray at all times and not lose heart:

2“In a certain town there was a judge who neither feared God nor respected men.

3And there was a widow in that town who kept appealing to him, ‘Give me justice against my adversary.’

4For a while he refused, but later he said to himself, ‘Though I neither fear God nor respect men,

5yet because this widow keeps pestering me, I will give her justice. Otherwise, she will wear me out with her perpetual requests.’”

6And the Lord said, “Listen to the words of the unjust judge.

7Will not God bring about justice for His elect who cry out to Him day and night? Will He delay in helping them?

8I tell you, He will promptly carry out justice on their behalf. Nevertheless, when the Son of Man comes, will He find faith on earth?”

9To some who trusted in their own righteousness and viewed others with contempt, He also told this parable:

10“Two men went up to the temple to pray. One was a Pharisee and the other a tax collector.

11The Pharisee stood by himself and prayed, ‘God, I thank You that I am not like other men—swindlers, evildoers, adulterers—or even like this tax collector.

12I fast twice a week and pay tithes of all that I acquire.’

13But the tax collector stood at a distance, unwilling even to lift up his eyes to heaven. Instead, he beat his breast and said, ‘God, have mercy on me, a sinner!’

14I tell you, this man, rather than the Pharisee, went home justified. For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, but the one who humbles himself will be exalted.”

15Now people were even bringing their babies to Jesus for Him to place His hands on them. And when the disciples saw this, they rebuked those who brought them.

16But Jesus called the children to Him and said, “Let the little children come to Me, and do not hinder them! For the kingdom of God belongs to such as these.

17Truly I tell you, anyone who does not receive the kingdom of God like a little child will never enter it.”

18Then a certain ruler asked Him, “Good Teacher, what must I do to inherit eternal life?”

19“Why do you call Me good?” Jesus replied. “No one is good except God alone.

20You know the commandments: ‘Do not commit adultery, do not murder, do not steal, do not bear false witness, honor your father and mother.’”

21“All these I have kept from my youth,” he said.

22On hearing this, Jesus told him, “You still lack one thing: Sell everything you own and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow Me.”

23But when the ruler heard this, he became very sad, because he was extremely wealthy.

24Seeing the man’s sadness, Jesus said, “How hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of God!

25Indeed, it is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God.”

26Those who heard this asked, “Who then can be saved?”

27But Jesus said, “What is impossible with man is possible with God.”

28“Look,” said Peter, “we have left all we had to follow You.”

29“Truly I tell you,” Jesus replied, “no one who has left home or wife or brothers or parents or children for the sake of the kingdom of God

30will fail to receive many times more in this age—and in the age to come, eternal life.”

31Then Jesus took the Twelve aside and said to them, “Look, we are going up to Jerusalem, and everything the prophets have written about the Son of Man will be fulfilled.

32He will be delivered over to the Gentiles and will be mocked and insulted and spit upon.

33They will flog Him and kill Him, and on the third day He will rise again.”

34But the disciples did not understand any of these things. The meaning was hidden from them, and they did not comprehend what He was saying.

35As Jesus drew near to Jericho, a blind man was sitting beside the road, begging.

36When he heard the crowd going by, he asked what was happening.

37“Jesus of Nazareth is passing by,” they told him.

38So he called out, “Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!”

39Those who led the way admonished him to be silent, but he cried out all the louder, “Son of David, have mercy on me!”

40Jesus stopped and directed that the man be brought to Him. When he had come near, Jesus asked him,

41“What do you want Me to do for you?” “Lord,” he said, “let me see again.”

42“Receive your sight!” Jesus replied. “Your faith has healed you.”

43Immediately he received his sight and followed Jesus, glorifying God. And all the people, when they saw it, gave praise to God.

Luke 18 Section and Chapter Commentary

Luke 18:1-8

Special Luke Material: Abundant Parables and Narratives

Luke's gospel contains over 500 unique verses, known as 'L material,' which is exceptionally rich in parables such as the Good Samaritan, the Rich Fool, the Lost Coin, the Prodigal Son, the Rich Man and Lazarus, the Persistent Widow, and the Pharisee and the Tax Collector. It also includes unique narratives like the raising of the widow of Nain's son, Mary and Martha, the ten lepers, Zacchaeus, the trial before Herod, and the Road to Emmaus.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 4: Why Are the Synoptic Gospels So Different? · watch the clip

Luke 18:9-14

Jesus' Teaching on Repentance and Forgiveness

Jesus taught that God desires people to repent of their sins and turn back to Him. If they do so, God will forgive them and reward them with the kingdom. For Jesus, forgiveness is granted by God when individuals admit their wrongdoing, feel remorse, and ask for God's pardon, without requiring a payment or atonement.

Summarized by AI · Paul and Jesus: The Great Divide · Lecture 8: Did Paul and Jesus Have the Same Religion? · watch the clip

The penitent criminal as a Lukan contrast

Luke's account of the penitent criminal on the cross (Luke 23:39-43) stands in contrast to Matthew and Mark, where both criminals mock Jesus. This story exemplifies Luke's fondness for paired contrasts, such as the sinful woman and Simon the Pharisee, Mary and Martha, the prodigal son and his older brother, or the Pharisee and the tax collector. This narrative also underscores Jesus' innocence, a recurring theme in Luke's Gospel.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 9: Why Are the Synoptic Crucifixion Narratives So Different? · watch the clip

Jesus' Accusations of Hypocrisy

The historical Jesus did not accuse all humans of hypocrisy, but rather specific groups, particularly highly religious individuals who failed to live up to their own standards. In Matthew's Gospel, Jesus frequently calls Pharisees hypocrites. However, in Luke's Gospel, the issue with Pharisees is portrayed more as self-righteousness rather than hypocrisy, as they genuinely follow the law but are proud of it.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Gnostic Christianity: The Beliefs That Shocked the Early Church · watch the clip

Luke 18:18-27

Wealth and Eternal Life: Radical Demands

Jesus' teaching that one must sell all possessions and give to the poor to gain treasure in heaven, as recounted in the Gospels, presents a radical challenge to conventional understanding of wealth. The disciples' reaction and Jesus' statement about the camel and the eye of a needle emphasize the difficulty for the rich to enter the kingdom of heaven, suggesting an extreme commitment to altruism and detachment from material wealth.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is Christianity Good for the World? · watch the clip

Luke 18:18-23

Jesus' View: Keeping Commandments for Eternal Life

When asked what one must do to have eternal life, Jesus' response was to keep the commandments and, in the case of the rich man, to sell everything and give to the poor. This indicates that for Jesus, ethical behavior and adherence to God's demands were directly linked to attaining eternal life.

Summarized by AI · Luke's Maverick Gospel · Lecture 8: Luke and Its Reversals · watch the clip

Clement of Alexandria's interpretation of the Rich Young Man

Clement of Alexandria argued that Jesus' command to the rich young man to sell everything and give to the poor should not be taken literally. He believed that if wealthy Christians in his community were to give away all their possessions, it would lead to their own poverty and hinder the church's ability to support the poor and its leaders. Clement suggested that Jesus meant giving one's entire self to God, not necessarily one's material wealth.

Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 6: Wealth in the Wake of Jesus · watch the clip

Jesus' Path to Eternal Life: Keeping Commandments

When asked how to attain eternal life, Jesus instructed a man to keep the Commandments, listing several from the Decalogue. He emphasized obedience to God's laws as the path to salvation. For those seeking a deeper commitment, Jesus also suggested selling possessions and giving to the poor, promising treasures in Heaven.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Paul and Jesus at Odds · watch the clip

Contrasting Salvation Paths: Jesus' Commandments vs. Paul's Faith

Jesus' teaching on eternal life, as depicted in the story of the rich young man, emphasizes keeping the commandments and, for 'treasures in Heaven,' selling possessions to give to the poor. This contrasts sharply with Paul's teaching that salvation comes only through belief in Jesus' death and resurrection. If Jesus' path to salvation through good works was sufficient, Paul's emphasis on Christ's sacrifice would be rendered unnecessary.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Paul Accept the Teachings of Jesus? · watch the clip

Luke 18 Verse Notes

Luke 18:1

Luke's Framing of the Parable's Purpose

Luke introduces the parable of the persistent widow and unjust judge by stating its purpose is to teach the need for constant prayer and not losing heart. The instructor suggests this framing might be Luke's interpretation rather than an inherent part of Jesus' original parable.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Praying Always: New Testament Motif

Luke's interpretation of the parable as a lesson on praying always and not losing heart aligns with other New Testament teachings. Paul, in 1 Thessalonians, encourages praying without ceasing, and 2 Timothy speaks of constant prayer. This motif suggests that continuous engagement with God, through both direct prayer and moral action, is a form of constant devotion.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Luke 18:2

The Judge's Character: Lack of Fear and Respect

The judge in the parable is described as someone who neither fears God nor respects people. This characterization immediately raises questions about his wisdom and moral compass, as biblical texts like Psalm 111 and Proverbs 1 link the fear of the Lord with the beginning of wisdom.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Luke 18:3

Widow's Request: Justice or Vengeance?

The widow in the parable asks to be 'avenged' (Greek: ekdikeo) against her adversary, a term that can imply juridical vindication but also carries strong connotations of violent punishment and vengeance in other biblical contexts, such as the plagues on Egypt (Exodus), Israel's actions against Midian (Numbers 31), Samson against the Philistines (Judges), and Judith against Holofernes. This raises the question of whether she seeks justice or vengeance.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Luke 18:5

The Judge's Motivation: Annoyance and Threat

The judge ultimately grants the widow's request not out of justice or respect, but because she 'bothers' him (kopos) and he fears she might 'give him an uppercut' (hypopiazo), a boxing term. This motivation highlights the judge's self-interest and the widow's tenacity, echoing the parable of the friend at midnight where persistent asking leads to a favorable outcome despite initial refusal.

Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 4: Persevering Widow and Unjust Judge | How Parables Promote and Demote Women · watch the clip

Luke 18:16

Marcion's Antithesis: Elisha and the Bears

Another example Marcion likely used was the story of Elisha in 2 Kings 2:23-24, where Elisha curses boys who mock him, leading to two bears mauling 42 of them. Marcion would contrast this violent act by a prophet of the Old Testament God with Jesus's welcoming of children, as seen in passages like 'Let the children come unto me.' This contrast served to highlight the perceived difference between the Old Testament God and the God revealed by Jesus, reinforcing Marcion's Docetic Christology that Jesus was not connected to the material world created by the Old Testament God.

Summarized by AI · Earliest Christian Heresies · Lecture 3: Docetic Writings · watch the clip

Luke 18:18-20

Jesus affirmed some commandments, but early Christians didn't prioritize the 'Ten'

Early Christians did not specifically emphasize the 'Ten Commandments' as a distinct unit to be kept apart from the rest of the law. However, Jesus himself, when asked about eternal life by the rich young man, listed several commandments that are part of the Decalogue, such as 'Don't commit adultery' and 'Don't steal,' suggesting their importance.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why Everyone Misreads the 10 Commandments · watch the clip

Luke 18:18-19

Matthew's adjustment to Jesus's 'good teacher' statement

Mark's account of the rich young ruler includes Jesus asking, 'Why do you call me good? No one is good but God alone,' which could imply a doubt about Jesus's own goodness. Matthew subtly alters this to 'What good must I do to have eternal life?' and 'Why do you ask me about good? There is only one who is good,' removing the potentially embarrassing implication and suggesting Matthew revised Mark's original phrasing.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 5: Was Mark the First Gospel? · watch the clip

Luke 18:20

Jesus and the Recitation of the Law

The New Testament portrays Jesus selectively reciting some of the Ten Commandments when asked about the law, implying their foundational status. This contributes to the assumption that these specific commandments were universally known and considered the basic laws in ancient Israel, despite the existence of many other laws.

Summarized by AI · The Ten Commandments · Lecture 1: What Are the Ten Commandments? · watch the clip

New Testament references to the Ten Commandments show variation

In the New Testament, Jesus in the Gospels and Paul in Romans clearly refer to the Ten Commandments, listing prohibitions like adultery, murder, stealing, and honoring parents. However, the order of these commandments often varies from the Hebrew Bible, suggesting that they were likely transmitted through oral tradition or different textual editions rather than a fixed, written text.

Summarized by AI · The Ten Commandments · Lecture 4: The Status of the Ten Commandments · watch the clip

Luke 18:22-25

Prosperity Gospel vs. Jesus' Teachings

The Prosperity Gospel, which claims God wants believers to be rich in return for giving to the church, directly contradicts Jesus' teachings. Jesus taught self-sacrifice and giving up wealth for the coming Kingdom, not personal enrichment. He stated it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, emphasizing poverty over wealth.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Do Fundamentalists (Actually) Follow Jesus? · watch the clip

Luke 18:22

Jesus' Demands: Radical Sacrifice for Others

Jesus' ethical demands were radical, urging followers to sell everything and give to the poor, and to take up their cross. These teachings, rooted in an apocalyptic urgency, called for complete self-sacrifice for the good of others, emphasizing that loving one's neighbor as oneself meant providing for their fundamental needs.

Summarized by AI · Luke's Maverick Gospel · Lecture 8: Luke and Its Reversals · watch the clip

Anthony of Egypt's monasticism based on Jesus' teaching to the rich man

Anthony of Egypt, considered the father of monasticism, took Jesus' instruction to the rich man literally. He sold all his inherited wealth and gave it to the poor, then retreated to the desert to live an ascetic life of prayer and contemplation. This act of self-martyrdom through rigorous asceticism became a new way for Christians to demonstrate superior spirituality after martyrdom became less common.

Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 7: Salubrious Developments · watch the clip

Radical Demands of Jesus' Ethics

Jesus' apocalyptic expectation also radicalized his ethical demands. He seemingly advocated for a literal interpretation of 'love your neighbor as yourself,' suggesting that followers should sell all their possessions and give to the poor, especially since the end of the world was believed to be imminent. This radical call, however, was largely not adopted by most followers, who found it too extreme for long-term living.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Christianity Make the World More Moral? · watch the clip

Radical Ethics for the Coming Kingdom

Jesus' apocalyptic worldview, believing the end was near, led him to radicalize Mosaic teachings on love. He called for extreme actions, like selling all possessions to give to the poor, as preparation for the imminent Kingdom of God, which would include all who followed God's will, not just Jews.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Do Fundamentalists (Actually) Follow Jesus? · watch the clip

Jesus' Rigorous Ethics Softened by Followers

Jesus' original ethical teachings were very demanding, reflecting an apocalyptic expectation of God's kingdom arriving soon. However, his followers, realizing the kingdom wasn't imminent, softened these ethics over time. For instance, the command to 'sell everything and give to the poor' was reinterpreted to mean 'be generous' rather than a literal divestment of all possessions, as early Church Fathers argued it would lead to destitution and inability to support the church.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why Fundamentalism is Not (Always) Such a Bad Thing. Take Bart for example... · watch the clip

Literal Interpretation of Giving to the Poor

According to Athanasius, Anthony's decision to embrace an ascetic life was spurred by hearing a passage from the Gospels read in church. He interpreted the command to 'go and give everything to the poor and come follow me' literally, leading him to divest his possessions and care for his sister before retreating to the desert.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Christian Monks in a Desert Full of Sound · watch the clip

Luke 18:24-25

Jesus' teachings on wealth and the 'eye of a needle'

Jesus' teaching that it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter heaven challenges conventional views on wealth. This statement, made after telling a rich person to sell all possessions and give to the poor, suggests a radical perspective on material possessions and salvation.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the Rapture Really in the Bible��or Was It Invented Later? · watch the clip

Luke 18:28-30

Disciples' Sacrifice and Reward

Jesus reassures his disciples that leaving everything to follow him, including homes and families, will result in significant rewards in this life and eternal life in the age to come. This frames hardship as a path to greater benefits, rather than an end in itself.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Suffer During His Crucifixion? (Depends Which Gospel You Read!) · watch the clip

Disciples Leaving Families to Follow Jesus

Jesus' disciples, including Peter, likely left their families and livelihoods to follow him. Jesus blessed those who abandoned their homes, families, and jobs for his sake, promising them a hundredfold return in this life and eternal life. This suggests that disciples were expected to prioritize following Jesus over their familial responsibilities, a challenging teaching given the economic realities of the ancient world.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Do the Dead Sea Scrolls Actually Prove the Bible Never Changed? · watch the clip

Luke 18:32-33

Jesus' prophecy of Gentile crucifixion

Despite the increased emphasis on Jewish leaders' role, Jesus' own prophecy in Luke 18 states that the Son of Man 'will be delivered to Gentiles.' This prophecy indicates that the crucifixion would ultimately be carried out by Roman soldiers, suggesting Luke does not fully depict Jewish leaders as the direct crucifiers, even if he emphasizes their culpability.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 15: Was Luke a Historian or a Theologian? · watch the clip

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