Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of 2 Kings · Chapter 21 of 25

2 Kings 21: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

26 verses · 12 video commentaries from 6 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1Manasseh was twelve years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem fifty-five years. His mother’s name was Hephzibah.

2And he did evil in the sight of the LORD by following the abominations of the nations that the LORD had driven out before the Israelites.

3For he rebuilt the high places that his father Hezekiah had destroyed, and he raised up altars for Baal. He made an Asherah pole, as King Ahab of Israel had done, and he worshiped and served all the host of heaven.

4Manasseh also built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the LORD had said, “In Jerusalem I will put My Name.”

5In both courtyards of the house of the LORD, he built altars to all the host of heaven.

6He sacrificed his own son in the fire, practiced sorcery and divination, and consulted mediums and spiritists. He did great evil in the sight of the LORD, provoking Him to anger.

7Manasseh even took the carved Asherah pole he had made and set it up in the temple, of which the LORD had said to David and his son Solomon, “In this temple and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, I will establish My Name forever.

8I will never again cause the feet of the Israelites to wander from the land that I gave to their fathers, if only they are careful to do all I have commanded them—the whole Law that My servant Moses commanded them.”

9But the people did not listen and Manasseh led them astray, so that they did greater evil than the nations that the LORD had destroyed before the Israelites.

10And the LORD spoke through His servants the prophets, saying,

11“Since Manasseh king of Judah has committed all these abominations, acting more wickedly than the Amorites who preceded him, and with his idols has caused Judah to sin,

12this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Behold, I am bringing such calamity upon Jerusalem and Judah that the news will reverberate in the ears of all who hear it.

13I will stretch out over Jerusalem the measuring line used against Samaria and the plumb line used against the house of Ahab, and I will wipe out Jerusalem as one wipes out a bowl—wiping it and turning it upside down.

14So I will forsake the remnant of My inheritance and deliver them into the hands of their enemies. And they will become plunder and spoil to all their enemies,

15because they have done evil in My sight and have provoked Me to anger from the day their fathers came out of Egypt until this day.’”

16Moreover, Manasseh shed so much innocent blood that he filled Jerusalem from end to end, in addition to the sin that he had caused Judah to commit, doing evil in the sight of the LORD.

17As for the rest of the acts of Manasseh, along with all his accomplishments and the sin that he committed, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?

18And Manasseh rested with his fathers and was buried in his palace garden, the garden of Uzza. And his son Amon reigned in his place.

19Amon was twenty-two years old when he became king, and he reigned in Jerusalem two years. His mother’s name was Meshullemeth daughter of Haruz; she was from Jotbah.

20And he did evil in the sight of the LORD, as his father Manasseh had done.

21He walked in all the ways of his father, and he served and worshiped the idols his father had served.

22He abandoned the LORD, the God of his fathers, and did not walk in the way of the LORD.

23Then the servants of Amon conspired against him and killed the king in his palace.

24But the people of the land killed all those who had conspired against King Amon, and they made his son Josiah king in his place.

25As for the rest of the acts of Amon, along with his accomplishments, are they not written in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah?

26And he was buried in his tomb in the garden of Uzza, and his son Josiah reigned in his place.

2 Kings 21 Section and Chapter Commentary

2 Kgs 21:1-18

Manasseh's Reign and Judah's Downfall

King Manasseh, despite having the longest reign in Judah's history (55 years), is depicted as the worst king due to his idolatry and adoption of practices from the Northern Kingdom. The Deuteronomistic historian attributes Judah's eventual downfall to Manasseh's sins, even though the punishment came much later.

Summarized by AI · The Rise and Fall of Biblical Israel: The Books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings · Lecture 7: The Empires Strike Back | Israel Under Assyria and Babylon · watch the clip

Manasseh's Repentance and Restoration in Chronicles

While Kings attributes the fall of Judah to Manasseh's egregious sins, Chronicles presents an entirely different narrative. In Chronicles, Manasseh is captured by the Assyrians, repents in Babylon, and is subsequently restored to his kingdom by God. Upon his return, Manasseh actively undoes his evil deeds, removes foreign gods, and commands the people to worship Yahweh, transforming him into a model of repentance.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:1-17

Second Temple Interpretation: Manasseh's Repentance

The Chronicler reinterprets King Manasseh's reign, portraying him as a repentant figure who was taken captive to Babylon, humbled himself, and was restored. This narrative diverges significantly from the account in 2 Kings, which presents Manasseh as an irredeemably wicked king. The Chronicler's creative retelling makes Manasseh's story relevant to a post-exilic audience, connecting it to the broader narrative of Judah's repentance and return from Babylonian exile.

Summarized by AI · The History of Biblical Interpretation · The History of Biblical Interpretation · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:1-16

Manasseh's wickedness and Judah's eventual downfall

King Manasseh is depicted as the worst king in Judah's history, engaging in abhorrent practices and leading Judah into sin. Despite his exceptionally long and peaceful 55-year reign, the Deuteronomistic historian attributes Judah's eventual downfall and destruction to Manasseh's wickedness, asserting that punishment would come eventually because of his actions.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 14: Of Kings and Kingdoms · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:10-15

Chronicles Rejects Transgenerational Punishment

The divergent accounts of Manasseh's reign highlight a fundamental theological difference between Kings and Chronicles regarding transgenerational punishment. Kings uses Manasseh's prolonged wickedness to explain Judah's eventual downfall, asserting that the sins of the fathers are visited upon future generations. Chronicles, however, rejects this concept, showing Manasseh's repentance and subsequent restoration, thereby requiring a different explanation for Judah's destruction.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip

2 Kings 21 Verse Notes

2 Kgs 21:1

Manasseh's Sins and Judah's Exile

In the Southern Kingdom of Judah, despite some righteous kings, Manasseh, Hezekiah's son, is portrayed as the worst king, committing numerous acts of disobedience (2 Kings 21). The Deuteronomistic historian argues that Manasseh's sins were so profound that even the reforms of his grandson Josiah could not avert God's judgment, ultimately leading to Judah's destruction and exile by Babylon (2 Kings 24-25).

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 11: The History | From Joshua to Josiah · watch the clip

The Purpose of the Deuteronomistic History

Written during the Babylonian exile, the Deuteronomistic History aims to explain to its audience why their current misery occurred. It argues that the exile was not an accident but the culmination of centuries of Israel's disobedience, particularly the sins of kings like Manasseh, thereby providing a theological justification for their present circumstances.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 11: The History | From Joshua to Josiah · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:2

Manasseh's Sins in Kings and Chronicles

Both 2 Kings 21:2 and 2 Chronicles 33:2 describe Manasseh as a king who did what was displeasing to the Lord, following the abhorrent practices of the nations. This initial agreement between the two books highlights Chronicles' reliance on Kings as a source, even borrowing specific phrases and concepts related to Deuteronomistic theology.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:6

Biblical Condemnation of Mediums and Necromancy

Early Israelite law codes explicitly condemn practices associated with mediums and spiritualists, particularly those who commune with the dead. Texts like Exodus 22:18 and Leviticus 20:27 prescribe the death penalty for such individuals, while Deuteronomy 18:10-11 forbids consulting ghosts, spirits, or oracles from the dead. This condemnation forms a rubric by which kings are later evaluated, with 'bad' kings engaging in such practices and 'good' kings abolishing them.

Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 24: The Ghost of Samuel and the “Witch” of Endor · watch the clip

2 Kgs 21:7

Prevalence of Other Gods in Israel

Archaeological evidence and biblical accounts confirm the widespread worship of Canaanite deities like Baal and Asherah in ancient Israel, despite repeated warnings from Israelite prophets. This prevalence is underscored by the discovery of standing stones and altars at sites like Tell Dan and Tell Hazor, and even the presence of an Asherah idol in the Jerusalem temple during King Manasseh's reign.

Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 2: Phoenician Cities and Ugarit · watch the clip

Asherah as a wooden pole or tree

Biblical texts describe Asherah as a cultic object, likely a wooden pole, tree, or representation of a tree, which was 'planted,' 'stood up,' or 'set up.' These texts also detail its destruction: 'cut down,' 'pulled down,' 'plucked up,' 'broken into pieces,' 'ground to dust,' or 'burned.' This suggests a physical, often wooden, representation of the goddess.

Summarized by AI · The Israelite Goddess Asherah · The Israelite Goddess Asherah · watch the clip

Aaron's budding staff as an obscured Asherah reference

The story of Aaron's budding staff, kept in the Ark of the Covenant, may be a priestly reinterpretation of an Asherah. Scholars suggest this narrative was created to account for a flowering wooden pole in the Jerusalem temple, renegotiating its significance from an Asherah idol to a miraculous staff, thus obscuring the original goddess association.

Summarized by AI · The Israelite Goddess Asherah · The Israelite Goddess Asherah · watch the clip

Loading scripture...