Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of 2 Samuel · Chapter 21 of 24

2 Samuel 21: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

22 verses · 4 video commentaries from 4 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1During the reign of David there was a famine for three successive years, and David sought the face of the LORD. And the LORD said, “It is because of the blood shed by Saul and his family, because he killed the Gibeonites.”

2At this, David summoned the Gibeonites and spoke to them. (Now the Gibeonites were not Israelites, but a remnant of the Amorites. The Israelites had taken an oath concerning them, but in his zeal for Israel and Judah, Saul had sought to kill them.)

3So David asked the Gibeonites, “What shall I do for you? How can I make amends so that you may bless the inheritance of the LORD?”

4The Gibeonites said to him, “We need no silver or gold from Saul or his house, nor should you put to death anyone in Israel for us.” “Whatever you ask, I will do for you,” he replied.

5And they answered the king, “As for the man who consumed us and plotted against us to exterminate us from existing within any border of Israel,

6let seven of his male descendants be delivered to us so that we may hang them before the LORD at Gibeah of Saul, the chosen of the LORD.” “I will give them to you,” said the king.

7Now the king spared Mephibosheth son of Jonathan, the son of Saul, because of the oath before the LORD between David and Jonathan son of Saul.

8But the king took Armoni and Mephibosheth, the two sons whom Rizpah daughter of Aiah had borne to Saul, as well as the five sons whom Merab daughter of Saul had borne to Adriel son of Barzillai the Meholathite.

9And he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them on the hill before the LORD. So all seven of them fell together; they were put to death in the first days of the harvest, at the beginning of the barley harvest.

10And Rizpah the daughter of Aiah took sackcloth and spread it out for herself on a rock. From the beginning of the harvest until the rain from heaven poured down on the bodies, she did not allow the birds of the air to rest on them by day, nor the beasts of the field by night.

11When David was told what Saul’s concubine Rizpah, daughter of Aiah, had done,

12he went and took the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan from the men of Jabesh-gilead, who had stolen them from the public square of Beth-shan where the Philistines had hung the bodies after they had struck down Saul at Gilboa.

13So David had the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan brought from there, and they also gathered the bones of those who had been hanged.

14And they buried the bones of Saul and his son Jonathan in Zela in the land of Benjamin, in the tomb of Saul’s father Kish. After they had done everything the king had commanded, God answered their prayers for the land.

15Once again the Philistines waged war against Israel, and David and his servants went down and fought against the Philistines. But David became exhausted.

16Then Ishbi-benob, a descendant of Rapha, whose bronze spear weighed three hundred shekels and who was bearing a new sword, resolved to kill David.

17But Abishai son of Zeruiah came to his aid, struck the Philistine, and killed him. Then David’s men swore to him, “You must never again go out with us to battle, so that the lamp of Israel may not be extinguished.”

18Some time later at Gob, there was another battle with the Philistines. At that time Sibbecai the Hushathite killed Saph, a descendant of Rapha.

19Once again there was a battle with the Philistines at Gob, and Elhanan son of Jair the Bethlehemite killed the brother of Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam.

20And there was also a battle at Gath, where there was a man of great stature with six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot—twenty-four in all. He too was descended from Rapha,

21and when he taunted Israel, Jonathan the son of David’s brother Shimei killed him.

22So these four descendants of Rapha in Gath fell at the hands of David and his servants.

2 Samuel 21 Section and Chapter Commentary

2 Sam 21:10-14

Importance of proper burial for the whole body

2 Samuel 21:10-14 illustrates the importance of burying the dead, as Rizpah guards the bodies of her family to prevent disturbance until proper burial. This reflects a concern for burying a whole body, a sentiment also seen in Mesopotamian beliefs where missing body parts in life would translate to missing parts in the netherworld.

Summarized by AI · Before the Bible: Mesopotamia and the Myths that Shaped Scripture · Lecture 2: From Gilgamesh to Genesis · watch the clip

2 Samuel 21 Verse Notes

2 Sam 21:19

Elhanan, not David, killed Goliath

The biblical text itself contains a passage stating that Elhanan killed Goliath, contradicting the more famous account of David killing Goliath. This discrepancy suggests that the story of David killing Goliath was later attributed to David to enhance his heroic image, with later biblical editors even altering the text to reconcile the two accounts.

Summarized by AI · The Rise and Fall of Biblical Israel: The Books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings · Lecture 5: David | The Man Behind the Legend · watch the clip

Goliath's Slayer: David or Elhanan?

The Bible presents conflicting accounts of who killed Goliath. While 1 Samuel 17 famously attributes the feat to David, 2 Samuel 21:19 states that Elhanan killed Goliath the Gittite, whose spear shaft was like a weaver's beam, a description identical to Goliath's in the David story. This suggests the Goliath narrative was originally attributed to Elhanan and later re-attributed to David to enhance his heroic image.

Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 13: The David Story · watch the clip

Goliath's killer: David or Elhanan?

The story of David killing Goliath in 1 Samuel 17 is challenged by another passage in 2 Samuel 21, which attributes the killing of Goliath to Elhanan. This suggests that the famous David and Goliath narrative might be an expansion or appropriation of valor from a lesser-known warrior, serving to glorify David.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · King David Killed His Way to the Throne · watch the clip

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