Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of Acts · Chapter 10 of 28

Acts 10: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

48 verses · 9 video commentaries from 5 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1At Caesarea there was a man named Cornelius, a centurion in what was called the Italian Regiment.

2He and all his household were devout and God-fearing. He gave generously to the people and prayed to God regularly.

3One day at about the ninth hour, he had a clear vision of an angel of God who came to him and said, “Cornelius!”

4Cornelius stared at him in fear and asked, “What is it, Lord?” The angel answered, “Your prayers and gifts to the poor have ascended as a memorial offering before God.

5Now send men to Joppa to call for a man named Simon who is called Peter.

6He is staying with Simon the tanner, whose house is by the sea.”

7When the angel who spoke to him had gone, Cornelius called two of his servants and a devout soldier from among his attendants.

8He explained what had happened and sent them to Joppa.

9The next day at about the sixth hour, as the men were approaching the city on their journey, Peter went up on the roof to pray.

10He became hungry and wanted something to eat, but while the meal was being prepared, he fell into a trance.

11He saw heaven open and something like a large sheet being let down to earth by its four corners.

12It contained all kinds of four-footed animals and reptiles of the earth, as well as birds of the air.

13Then a voice said to him: “Get up, Peter, kill and eat!”

14“No, Lord!” Peter answered. “I have never eaten anything impure or unclean.”

15The voice spoke to him a second time: “Do not call anything impure that God has made clean.”

16This happened three times, and all at once the sheet was taken back up into heaven.

17While Peter was puzzling over the meaning of the vision, the men sent by Cornelius found Simon’s house and approached the gate.

18They called out to ask if Simon called Peter was staying there.

19As Peter continued to reflect on the vision, the Spirit said to him, “Behold, three men are looking for you.

20So get up! Go downstairs and accompany them without hesitation, because I have sent them.”

21So Peter went down to the men and said, “Here am I, the one you are looking for. Why have you come?”

22“Cornelius the centurion has sent us,” they said. “He is a righteous and God-fearing man with a good reputation among the whole Jewish nation. A holy angel instructed him to request your presence in his home so he could hear a message from you.”

23So Peter invited them in as his guests. And the next day he got ready and went with them, accompanied by some of the brothers from Joppa.

24The following day he arrived in Caesarea, where Cornelius was expecting them and had called together his relatives and close friends.

25As Peter was about to enter, Cornelius met him and fell at his feet to worship him.

26But Peter helped him up. “Stand up,” he said, “I am only a man myself.”

27As Peter talked with him, he went inside and found many people gathered together.

28He said to them, “You know how unlawful it is for a Jew to associate with a foreigner or visit him. But God has shown me that I should not call any man impure or unclean.

29So when I was invited, I came without objection. I ask, then, why have you sent for me?”

30Cornelius answered: “Four days ago I was in my house praying at this, the ninth hour. Suddenly a man in radiant clothing stood before me

31and said, ‘Cornelius, your prayer has been heard, and your gifts to the poor have been remembered before God.

32Therefore send to Joppa for Simon, who is called Peter. He is a guest in the home of Simon the tanner, by the sea.’

33So I sent for you immediately, and you were kind enough to come. Now then, we are all here in the presence of God to listen to everything the Lord has instructed you to tell us.”

34Then Peter began to speak: “I now truly understand that God does not show favoritism,

35but welcomes those from every nation who fear Him and do what is right.

36He has sent this message to the people of Israel, proclaiming the gospel of peace through Jesus Christ, who is Lord of all.

37You yourselves know what has happened throughout Judea, beginning in Galilee with the baptism that John proclaimed:

38how God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power, and how Jesus went around doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, because God was with Him.

39We are witnesses of all that He did, both in the land of the Jews and in Jerusalem. And although they put Him to death by hanging Him on a tree,

40God raised Him up on the third day and caused Him to be seen—

41not by all the people, but by the witnesses God had chosen beforehand, by us who ate and drank with Him after He rose from the dead.

42And He commanded us to preach to the people and to testify that He is the One appointed by God to judge the living and the dead.

43All the prophets testify about Him that everyone who believes in Him receives forgiveness of sins through His name.”

44While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit fell upon all who heard his message.

45All the circumcised believers who had accompanied Peter were astounded that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles.

46For they heard them speaking in tongues and exalting God. Then Peter said,

47“Can anyone withhold the water to baptize these people? They have received the Holy Spirit just as we have!”

48So he ordered that they be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay for a few days.

Acts 10 Section and Chapter Commentary

Acts 10:1-48

Acts shows Peter initiating the Gentile mission

In Acts, Paul's conversion in chapter 9 is followed by his immediate trip to Jerusalem to confer with the apostles. More significantly, in chapter 10, God reveals to Peter, not Paul, that Gentiles do not need to keep kosher to be saved. Peter then converts Gentiles, and the Holy Spirit descends upon them, establishing Peter as the originator of the Gentile mission in the narrative of Acts.

Summarized by AI · Did Peter Hate Paul? Apostolic Conflict in the Early Church · Lecture 2: Disputes in the History of the Dispute · watch the clip

Peter's Priority in Gentile Inclusion

Acts presents Peter as the first apostle to receive divine instruction regarding the inclusion of Gentiles without requiring adherence to Jewish law, specifically through his vision and conversion of Cornelius in Acts 10. This narrative positions Peter as the pioneer in this gospel message, preceding Paul's mission. This contrasts with Paul's own assertion that his understanding of Gentile inclusion was a direct revelation to him, suggesting Acts aims to establish a unified apostolic front by giving Peter priority in this crucial theological development.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does Acts Portray Paul the Way Paul Portrays Paul? · watch the clip

Early Christianity as a Jewish Apocalyptic Sect

In its first year, Christianity was almost certainly a Jewish apocalyptic sect. Even the book of Acts, which emphasizes the later expansion to Gentiles, shows this mission beginning years after Jesus' death. The early followers, primarily in Jerusalem, focused on converting other Jews, adhering to Jewish law, customs, and food laws. Their distinct belief was that Jesus was the Messiah, despite his crucifixion, which they explained by his resurrection.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Christianity One Year After Jesus · watch the clip

Acts 10:9-16

Peter's Vision and the Acceptance of Unclean Animals

In Acts 10, Peter receives a vision of a sheet filled with ceremonially unclean animals, with a divine command to eat them. This vision, initially perplexing to Peter, leads him to understand that God has made no distinction between clean and unclean, signifying that Gentiles are acceptable to God without adhering to Jewish dietary laws or other ceremonial aspects of the law.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 4: The Gentile Mission · watch the clip

Gentile Mission as God's Plan, Not Human Invention

The Book of Acts consistently portrays the Gentile mission not as a human development or Paul's idea, but as an integral part of God's eternal plan, revealed through scripture and divine instructions like Peter's vision. This narrative emphasizes that the spread of the gospel to non-Jews is a fulfillment of God's will, unanimously embraced by the apostles.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 4: The Gentile Mission · watch the clip

Acts 10:34-48

Cornelius's Conversion and the Holy Spirit's Descent

Following his vision, Peter preaches to Cornelius, a pious Gentile, and his household. As Peter speaks, the Holy Spirit descends upon Cornelius and those with him, mirroring the experience of the apostles at Pentecost. This event confirms to Peter and later to the Jerusalem apostles that God has granted repentance and life to Gentiles, validating their conversion without requiring adherence to the Jewish law.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 4: The Gentile Mission · watch the clip

Acts 10 Verse Notes

Acts 10:1

The Cornelius Story in Acts and Paul's Writings

The story of Cornelius in Acts 10-11 depicts Peter being divinely instructed that Gentiles can convert to Christianity without adhering to Jewish law (like keeping kosher). This narrative positions Peter as the first to embrace Gentile inclusion, preceding Paul's mission. However, Paul's own letters reveal significant disputes and arguments between him and Peter regarding the status of Gentiles in the early church, suggesting Acts may be attempting to reconcile or smooth over these historical conflicts.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Paul Actually Write the Pauline Epistles? · watch the clip

Acts 10:37-38

Lack of References to Birth Narrative in Luke and Acts

The Gospel of Luke does not refer back to the events of chapters 1 and 2, such as the Bethlehem birth, the census, or Jesus' presentation in the temple, in its later chapters. Similarly, the book of Acts, written by the same author, refers to Jesus' ministry beginning after his baptism but makes no mention of his virgin birth or Bethlehem origin, further suggesting these narratives might have been later additions.

Summarized by AI · Jesus the (Actual) Son of Joseph: Evidence from the New Testament Itself · Lecture 2: The Growth of the Virgin Birth Tradition · watch the clip

Acts 10:38

Demons and Disease are Paired but Distinct Activities

Gospel summaries often pair Jesus' acts of healing with casting out demons, suggesting a connection between the two. However, they are presented as distinct activities, implying that not all illnesses are caused by demons, but that demonic affliction is one possible source of maladies.

Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 18: Demons and Disease · watch the clip

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