Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of Acts · Chapter 21 of 28

Acts 21: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

40 verses · 14 video commentaries from 5 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1After we had torn ourselves away from them, we sailed directly to Cos, and the next day on to Rhodes, and from there to Patara.

2Finding a ship crossing over to Phoenicia, we boarded it and set sail.

3After sighting Cyprus and passing south of it, we sailed on to Syria and landed at Tyre, where the ship was to unload its cargo.

4We sought out the disciples in Tyre and stayed with them seven days. Through the Spirit they kept telling Paul not to go up to Jerusalem.

5But when our time there had ended, we set out on our journey. All the disciples, with their wives and children, accompanied us out of the city and knelt down on the beach to pray with us.

6And after we had said our farewells, we went aboard the ship, and they returned home.

7When we had finished our voyage from Tyre, we landed at Ptolemais, where we greeted the brothers and stayed with them for a day.

8Leaving the next day, we went on to Caesarea and stayed at the home of Philip the evangelist, who was one of the Seven.

9He had four unmarried daughters who prophesied.

10After we had been there several days, a prophet named Agabus came down from Judea.

11Coming over to us, he took Paul’s belt, bound his own feet and hands, and said, “The Holy Spirit says: ‘In this way the Jews of Jerusalem will bind the owner of this belt and hand him over to the Gentiles.’”

12When we heard this, we and the people there pleaded with Paul not to go up to Jerusalem.

13Then Paul answered, “Why are you weeping and breaking my heart? I am ready not only to be bound, but also to die in Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.”

14When he would not be dissuaded, we quieted down and said, “The Lord’s will be done.”

15After these days, we packed up and went on to Jerusalem.

16Some of the disciples from Caesarea accompanied us, and they took us to stay at the home of Mnason the Cypriot, an early disciple.

17When we arrived in Jerusalem, the brothers welcomed us joyfully.

18The next day Paul went in with us to see James, and all the elders were present.

19Paul greeted them and recounted one by one the things that God had done among the Gentiles through his ministry.

20When they heard this, they glorified God. Then they said to Paul, “You see, brother, how many thousands of Jews have believed, and all of them are zealous for the law.

21But they are under the impression that you teach all the Jews who live among the Gentiles to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or observe our customs.

22What then should we do? They will certainly hear that you have come.

23Therefore do what we advise you. There are four men with us who have taken a vow.

24Take these men, purify yourself along with them, and pay their expenses so they can have their heads shaved. Then everyone will know that there is no truth to these rumors about you, but that you also live in obedience to the law.

25As for the Gentile believers, we have written to them our decision that they must abstain from food sacrificed to idols, from blood, from the meat of strangled animals, and from sexual immorality.”

26So the next day Paul took the men and purified himself along with them. Then he entered the temple to give notice of the date when their purification would be complete and the offering would be made for each of them.

27When the seven days were almost over, some Jews from the province of Asia saw Paul at the temple. They stirred up the whole crowd and seized him,

28crying out, “Men of Israel, help us! This is the man who teaches everyone everywhere against our people and against our law and against this place. Furthermore, he has brought Greeks into the temple and defiled this holy place.”

29For they had previously seen Trophimus the Ephesian with him in the city, and they assumed that Paul had brought him into the temple.

30The whole city was stirred up, and the people rushed together. They seized Paul and dragged him out of the temple, and at once the gates were shut.

31While they were trying to kill him, the commander of the Roman regiment received a report that all Jerusalem was in turmoil.

32Immediately he took some soldiers and centurions and ran down to the crowd. When the people saw the commander and the soldiers, they stopped beating Paul.

33The commander came up and arrested Paul, ordering that he be bound with two chains. Then he asked who he was and what he had done.

34Some in the crowd were shouting one thing, and some another. And since the commander could not get at the truth because of the uproar, he ordered that Paul be brought into the barracks.

35When Paul reached the steps, he had to be carried by the soldiers because of the violence of the mob.

36For the crowd that followed him kept shouting, “Away with him!”

37As they were about to take Paul into the barracks, he asked the commander, “May I say something to you?” “Do you speak Greek?” he replied.

38“Aren’t you the Egyptian who incited a rebellion some time ago and led four thousand members of the Assassins into the wilderness?”

39But Paul answered, “I am a Jew from Tarsus in Cilicia, a citizen of no ordinary city. Now I beg you to allow me to speak to the people.”

40Having received permission, Paul stood on the steps and motioned to the crowd. A great hush came over the crowd, and he addressed them in Hebrew:

Acts 21 Section and Chapter Commentary

Acts 21:1-18

The 'We Passages' and Historicity

Certain sections of Acts, known as the 'we passages,' switch from third-person narration to first-person plural, suggesting the author was a companion of Paul and an eyewitness to the events. While this might imply greater historical reliability, scholars debate whether these passages represent genuine eyewitness accounts, incorporated sources, or a literary device to lend authority.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 10: Acts | When Christianity Became “Historical” · watch the clip

The 'We' Passages in Acts

The author of Acts implicitly claims to be a companion of Paul through the use of "we" passages. In four specific sections, the narrative shifts from describing Paul's actions to including the author as part of the group, suggesting a firsthand account of Paul's travels. This is an implicit claim of authorship by a traveling companion.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why Should We Think Luke and Acts Have the Same Author? · watch the clip

The 'We' Passages in Acts

In four specific passages within the book of Acts, the narrative shifts from third-person to first-person plural, using 'we' to describe actions. These 'we' passages suggest that the author was a traveling companion of Paul, leading early Christians to infer that the author was someone connected to Paul's ministry.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Was Luke Written by Luke? And Why Should We Care? · watch the clip

Acts 21:10-14

Paul's Martyrdom Alluded to in Acts

The book of Acts may contain an allusion to Paul's martyrdom. A Christian prophet warns Paul not to go to Jerusalem, predicting that his journey there will not end well. This foreshadows Paul's arrest in Jerusalem and subsequent transfer to Rome for trial, which aligns with the tradition of his eventual martyrdom.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were Peter & Paul Really Martyred? History vs. Legend · watch the clip

Acts 21:17-26

Paul's Arrest in Jerusalem and Nazarite Vow

Paul traveled to Jerusalem for Pentecost, where he was warmly received by the apostles but faced opposition from other Jewish Christians who believed Gentiles needed to become Jewish. To demonstrate his commitment to Jewish law and customs, Paul participated in a Nazarite vow, as advised by James, the head of the Jerusalem church.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 5: Paul | Evangelist and Apologist · watch the clip

Acts 21:20-26

Paul's Adherence to the Law

Acts consistently portrays Paul as a devout Jew who never violates the Mosaic Law, even participating in a Nazarite vow and defending himself by insisting on his law-abiding life. Conversely, Paul's letters indicate that while he was blameless under the law before conversion, he later adopted a flexible approach, living as a Jew among Jews and a Gentile among Gentiles, suggesting he did not always strictly adhere to the law.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 7: The Book of Acts vs. The Letters of Paul · watch the clip

Paul's Shifting Observance of Jewish Law

Paul states in his letters that he adapts his lifestyle to his audience, living as a Gentile among Gentiles and as a Jew among Jews, indicating a flexibility with the Jewish law for the sake of the gospel. However, the book of Acts portrays Paul as consistently adhering to the law, never breaking it, even when accused. This difference highlights Acts' attempt to defend Paul against charges of law-breaking, contrasting with Paul's own account of his adaptable practice.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does Acts Portray Paul the Way Paul Portrays Paul? · watch the clip

Acts 21:26-31

Temple Warning Inscription and Paul

The Temple Warning Inscription, a stone tablet from the first century CE, explicitly warned non-Jews against entering certain areas of the Temple complex on pain of death. This inscription provides crucial context for the events in Acts 21, where Paul was accused of bringing Greeks into the Temple, leading to his arrest and an attempt on his life.

Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 6: Alexandria and Jerusalem · watch the clip

Acts 21 Verse Notes

Acts 21:1

The 'we' passages indicate the author was a companion of Paul

The 'we' passages in Acts, found in chapters 16, 20, 21, and 27-28, are often interpreted as direct evidence that the author was a traveling companion of Paul. In these sections, the narrative shifts from third-person accounts of Paul's journeys to first-person plural, suggesting the author was present with Paul during these specific events.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 8: The Author of Acts | Who and When? · watch the clip

Acts 21:27

False Accusation and Paul's Defense

Paul was falsely accused by non-Christian Jews of bringing a Gentile into a restricted area of the temple, an offense punishable by death. This led to a riot and Paul's arrest. From this point onward, Paul repeatedly defended himself before various authorities, including the Jewish Council, Roman governors Felix and Festus, and King Agrippa, using these opportunities to preach the gospel.

Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Acts of the Apostles · Lecture 5: Paul | Evangelist and Apologist · watch the clip

Acts 21:38

Luke's Knowledge of Josephus's Antiquities

Luke's Gospel and Acts appear to demonstrate knowledge of Josephus's work, 'Antiquities of the Jews,' which is generally dated to the mid-90s CE. For example, Luke 2:2 mentions the census under Quirinius, and Acts 5:37 refers to Theudas and Judas the Galilean in an order consistent with Josephus's account. Additionally, Luke's use of 'the Egyptian' in Acts 21:38 to describe a character, a detail also found in Josephus, strongly suggests Luke's reliance on Josephus, pushing Luke's composition into the second century.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 12: When Were the Synoptic Gospels Written? · watch the clip

Paul and the Sicarii in the desert

In Acts 21, a Roman tribune asks Paul if he is 'that Egyptian who led Sicarii out into the desert.' This detail is problematic because Sicarii were dagger-wielding assassins who operated in close quarters, not in the desert. This error likely stems from the author combining separate discussions of an Egyptian rebel and Sicarii found in Josephus.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Acts Knows Greece. It Doesn't Know Judea. Here's What That Means · watch the clip

Late Dating of Luke-Acts and Josephus

Some scholars propose a late dating for Luke-Acts (around 120 CE), arguing its dependence on Josephus's writings from the 90s CE, citing parallels like the accounts of Theudas and the Egyptian. If true, this would mean Luke-Acts was written much later than the events it describes, potentially questioning its historical accuracy, especially regarding Paul's life. However, this late dating would not significantly alter the synoptic problem, as the proposed relationships between the gospels (e.g., use of Q and Mark) would still be plausible.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Our Two-Year Anniversary! A Live Q&A with Bart · watch the clip

Acts 21:39

Paul's Origin in Acts vs. His Letters

The book of Acts repeatedly states that Paul, referred to as Saul, is from Tarsus. However, Paul's own letters never mention Tarsus as his place of origin. Instead, he indicates he is from the region around Damascus, particularly in the context of his 'turning' or change in perspective.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Was Paul the Apostle Really From Tarsus? · watch the clip

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