1Observe the month of Abib and celebrate the Passover to the LORD your God, because in the month of Abib the LORD your God brought you out of Egypt by night.
2You are to offer to the LORD your God the Passover sacrifice from the herd or flock in the place the LORD will choose as a dwelling for His Name.
3You must not eat leavened bread with it; for seven days you are to eat with it unleavened bread, the bread of affliction, because you left the land of Egypt in haste—so that you may remember for the rest of your life the day you left the land of Egypt.
4No leaven is to be found in all your land for seven days, and none of the meat you sacrifice in the evening of the first day shall remain until morning.
5You are not to sacrifice the Passover animal in any of the towns that the LORD your God is giving you.
6You must only offer the Passover sacrifice at the place the LORD your God will choose as a dwelling for His Name. Do this in the evening as the sun sets, at the same time you departed from Egypt.
7And you shall roast it and eat it in the place the LORD your God will choose, and in the morning you shall return to your tents.
8For six days you must eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day you shall hold a solemn assembly to the LORD your God, and you must not do any work.
9You are to count off seven weeks from the time you first put the sickle to the standing grain.
10And you shall celebrate the Feast of Weeks to the LORD your God with a freewill offering that you give in proportion to how the LORD your God has blessed you,
11and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God in the place He will choose as a dwelling for His Name—you, your sons and daughters, your menservants and maidservants, and the Levite within your gates, as well as the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widows among you.
12Remember that you were slaves in Egypt, and carefully follow these statutes.
13You are to celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days after you have gathered the produce of your threshing floor and your winepress.
14And you shall rejoice in your feast—you, your sons and daughters, your menservants and maidservants, and the Levite, as well as the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widows among you.
15For seven days you shall celebrate a feast to the LORD your God in the place He will choose, because the LORD your God will bless you in all your produce and in all the work of your hands, so that your joy will be complete.
16Three times a year all your men are to appear before the LORD your God in the place He will choose: at the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Weeks, and the Feast of Tabernacles. No one should appear before the LORD empty-handed.
17Everyone must appear with a gift as he is able, according to the blessing the LORD your God has given you.
18You are to appoint judges and officials for your tribes in every town that the LORD your God is giving you. They are to judge the people with righteous judgment.
19Do not deny justice or show partiality. Do not accept a bribe, for a bribe blinds the eyes of the wise and twists the words of the righteous.
20Pursue justice, and justice alone, so that you may live, and you may possess the land that the LORD your God is giving you.
21Do not set up any wooden Asherah pole next to the altar you will build for the LORD your God,
22and do not set up for yourselves a sacred pillar, which the LORD your God hates.
Deuteronomy 16 Verse Notes
Deut 16:7
Josiah's Passover: Pentateuchal Contradictions
2 Kings 21:21-23 (referring to Josiah's Passover in 2 Kings 23:21-23) states that Josiah's Passover was the first to be properly offered since Joshua. This sets up a problem for Chronicles, as the Pentateuch itself contains contradictory instructions for the Passover sacrifice: Deuteronomy says to boil it, while Exodus explicitly forbids boiling. Chronicles, in its attempt to show Josiah perfectly following the law, must reconcile this inconsistency.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip
Josiah's Passover and Pentateuchal Contradictions
Chronicles emphasizes Josiah's meticulous adherence to the Torah in celebrating Passover, even when faced with a contradiction within the Pentateuch itself. Deuteronomy prescribes boiling the Passover sacrifice, while Exodus explicitly forbids it. The Chronicler resolves this by stating that Josiah 'boiled it in fire according to the law,' demonstrating an interpretive effort to reconcile inconsistencies within the authoritative text and declare that interpretation as the true meaning.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip
Translation Bias: Boiling vs. Roasting
Deuteronomy 16:7, in Hebrew, explicitly states that the Passover sacrifice should be 'boiled.' However, many English translations, including the King James Version and NRSV, 'fudge' this detail, rendering it as 'roast' or 'cook.' This translation choice smooths over a textual inconsistency within the Pentateuch, where Exodus 12:9 forbids boiling, thereby obscuring the interpretive work done by the Chronicler.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip
Chronicles' Interpretive Solution to Passover
2 Chronicles 35:13 describes Josiah boiling the Passover sacrifice 'in fire,' an interpretive solution to the Pentateuchal contradiction between Deuteronomy (boil) and Exodus (do not boil). However, most English translations, including King James, NRSV, and JPS, render this as 'roasted with fire.' This translation choice undermines the Chronicler's sophisticated attempt to reconcile the inconsistencies in the authoritative text, presenting him as a 'proto-rabbi' who interprets and declares that interpretation as the law's true meaning.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 25: Chronicles | Seriously, Let's Read Chronicles · watch the clip
Deut 16:21
Asherim (Sacred Posts) for Asherah Worship
Asherim, translated as sacred posts or poles, were used in the worship of Asherah, the Canaanite female fertility goddess, often personified as a tree or the 'tree of life.' These were associated with human reproduction and found in various contexts, including official and domestic settings.
Summarized by AI · Everyday Life in Ancient Israel · Lecture 3: Household Religion · watch the clip
Asherah as a Canaanite deity and cultic object
Asherah is the name of a Canaanite deity, often depicted as a consort to Baal. In the Bible, Asherah also refers to a sacred tree or pole used in Canaanite worship. Instructions to 'cut down their Asherah' in Deuteronomy and other books refer to destroying these cultic objects that represented the deity, highlighting the conflict between Yahweh worship and Canaanite practices.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Most Famous Prayer in Judaism Isn’t Monotheistic; Neither is the Bible · watch the clip
Deut 16:22
Massebot (Standing Stones) for Baal Worship
Massebot, or standing stones, were archaeological artifacts often associated with the worship of Baal, the Canaanite fertility god. These stones, sometimes phallic in shape, were found in both public and private domestic spaces, reflecting Baal's role in agricultural fertility and rain.
Summarized by AI · Everyday Life in Ancient Israel · Lecture 3: Household Religion · watch the clip