1And you were dead in your trespasses and sins,
2in which you used to walk when you conformed to the ways of this world and of the ruler of the power of the air, the spirit who is now at work in the sons of disobedience.
3All of us also lived among them at one time, fulfilling the cravings of our flesh and indulging its desires and thoughts. Like the rest, we were by nature children of wrath.
4But because of His great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy,
5made us alive with Christ even when we were dead in our trespasses. It is by grace you have been saved!
6And God raised us up with Christ and seated us with Him in the heavenly realms in Christ Jesus,
7in order that in the coming ages He might display the surpassing riches of His grace, demonstrated by His kindness to us in Christ Jesus.
8For it is by grace you have been saved through faith, and this not from yourselves; it is the gift of God,
9not by works, so that no one can boast.
10For we are God’s workmanship, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance as our way of life.
11Therefore remember that formerly you who are Gentiles in the flesh and called uncircumcised by the so-called circumcision (that done in the body by human hands)—
12remember that at that time you were separate from Christ, alienated from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers to the covenants of the promise, without hope and without God in the world.
13But now in Christ Jesus you who once were far away have been brought near through the blood of Christ.
14For He Himself is our peace, who has made the two one and has torn down the dividing wall of hostility
15by abolishing in His flesh the law of commandments and decrees. He did this to create in Himself one new man out of the two, thus making peace
16and reconciling both of them to God in one body through the cross, by which He put to death their hostility.
17He came and preached peace to you who were far away and peace to those who were near.
18For through Him we both have access to the Father by one Spirit.
19Therefore you are no longer strangers and foreigners, but fellow citizens with the saints and members of God’s household,
20built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus Himself as the cornerstone.
21In Him the whole building is fitted together and grows into a holy temple in the Lord.
22And in Him you too are being built together into a dwelling place for God in His Spirit.
Ephesians 2 Verse Notes
Eph 2:2
Satan as Ruler of the Power of the Air
Ephesians describes unbelievers as following 'the course of this world, following the ruler of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work among those who are disobedient.' This passage identifies Satan as a chief demonic figure who occupies a specific cosmic realm, the air immediately surrounding the earth, influencing those who resist God.
Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 21: Demonic "Powers" and "Authorities" in the New Testament · watch the clip
Satan's origins in Jewish apocalypticism
The concept of Satan as the head of evil forces originated within apocalyptic Judaism, emerging a couple of centuries before Jesus. This figure, known by various names like Satan, the devil, or Beelzebub, reflects an understanding of opposing forces of good and evil that was present in 1st-century Judaism, not unique to early Christianity.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Three "Myths" Atheists Believe · watch the clip
Eph 2:6
Ephesians has a realized eschatology
Ephesians presents a 'realized eschatology' not found in Paul's undisputed letters: Christians already dwell in heaven spiritually through Jesus and have the presence of God within them. God has raised them up and seated them with Christ in the heavenly places, they have access in one Spirit to the Father, and they are a dwelling place of God in the Spirit, ideas reminiscent of the Gospel of John.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 22: In Paul’s Name | The Disputed Letters · watch the clip
Ephesians' View on Resurrection vs. Paul's Undisputed Letters
Ephesians states that believers have 'already been raised with Christ and are ruling in the heavenly places.' This directly contradicts Paul's emphatic teaching in Romans 6 and 1 Corinthians 15, where he asserts that believers have died with Christ but have not yet been raised; the resurrection is a future event at the end of the age. This theological divergence is a significant reason for disputing Ephesians' authorship.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Paul Actually Write the Pauline Epistles? · watch the clip
Ephesians' View on Heavenly Existence
If Ephesians were removed from the New Testament, it would significantly alter theological perspectives. The book emphasizes that believers have already experienced a heavenly existence on Earth through Christ, enjoying the rewards of heaven now. This contrasts with Paul's own theology, which typically portrays the current age as one of suffering for God's followers.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the New Testament Actually *Filled* with Forgeries? · watch the clip
Pauline Influence on Indwelling and Celestial Access
The author of John's Gospel likely drew inspiration from Paul's writings regarding divine indwelling and celestial access. Paul's genuine epistles discuss believers living 'in Christ' and Christ dwelling 'in them,' while Deuteropauline texts like Ephesians speak of Christians being 'seated in heavenly places spiritually in Christ.' These themes resonate strongly with John's unique theological emphasis.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · What's the Point of John's Gospel? · watch the clip
Eph 2:8-9
Ephesians' View on Salvation by Works vs. Paul's Undisputed Letters
The letter to the Ephesians, specifically chapter 2, discusses salvation by faith and not by works. While this sounds similar to Paul's arguments in Romans and Galatians, a closer look reveals a key difference: Ephesians refers to 'good deeds' in general, whereas Paul's undisputed letters specifically address 'works of the Jewish law' (circumcision, kosher, Sabbath) as not leading to salvation. This suggests a different theological emphasis or context.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Paul Actually Write the Pauline Epistles? · watch the clip
James Responding to a Later Interpretation of Paul
James appears to be attacking a later, potentially extreme, interpretation of Paul's teachings, rather than Paul himself. Paul's emphasis on justification by faith apart from 'works of the law' was sometimes understood by subsequent generations of Christians to mean that actions or lifestyle choices were irrelevant to salvation. James challenges this antinomian perspective, arguing that true faith must be accompanied by good deeds.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does the Book of James Attack the Teachings of Paul? · watch the clip
Eph 2:8
Salvation and Repentance in Luke
Luke emphasizes repentance and faith as central to salvation, as seen in the anointing story in Luke 7. Jesus tells the repentant woman, 'Your faith has saved you. Go into peace,' linking salvation directly to faith and repentance. This theme is consistent with other New Testament passages, indicating Luke's theological agenda.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Moderated Discussion · watch the clip
Eph 2:14-15
Cosmic conflict in Ephesians beyond Paul's original emphasis
The author of Ephesians expands on Paul's theme of cosmic conflict, urging believers to resist evil spiritual forces in heavenly places. While Paul alluded to hostile cosmos in 1 Corinthians 15, Ephesians 6:12 goes further, emphasizing Christ's primary accomplishment as annulling Jewish law, universalizing Paul's rhetoric about Gentiles and the law.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 5: Christians, the High God, and the Jews | Marcion and the Invention of the New Testament · watch the clip
Eph 2:18
Ephesians has a realized eschatology
Ephesians presents a 'realized eschatology' not found in Paul's undisputed letters: Christians already dwell in heaven spiritually through Jesus and have the presence of God within them. God has raised them up and seated them with Christ in the heavenly places, they have access in one Spirit to the Father, and they are a dwelling place of God in the Spirit, ideas reminiscent of the Gospel of John.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 22: In Paul’s Name | The Disputed Letters · watch the clip
Eph 2:22
Ephesians has a realized eschatology
Ephesians presents a 'realized eschatology' not found in Paul's undisputed letters: Christians already dwell in heaven spiritually through Jesus and have the presence of God within them. God has raised them up and seated them with Christ in the heavenly places, they have access in one Spirit to the Father, and they are a dwelling place of God in the Spirit, ideas reminiscent of the Gospel of John.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 22: In Paul’s Name | The Disputed Letters · watch the clip