1Now the whole world had one language and a common form of speech.
2And as people journeyed eastward, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
3And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” So they used brick instead of stone, and tar instead of mortar.
4“Come,” they said, “let us build for ourselves a city with a tower that reaches to the heavens, that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of all the earth.”
5Then the LORD came down to see the city and the tower that the sons of men were building.
6And the LORD said, “If they have begun to do this as one people speaking the same language, then nothing they devise will be beyond them.
7Come, let Us go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand one another’s speech.”
8So the LORD scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city.
9That is why it is called Babel, for there the LORD confused the language of the whole world, and from that place the LORD scattered them over the face of all the earth.
10This is the account of Shem. Two years after the flood, when Shem was 100 years old, he became the father of Arphaxad.
11And after he had become the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other sons and daughters.
12When Arphaxad was 35 years old, he became the father of Shelah.
13And after he had become the father of Shelah, Arphaxad lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters.
14When Shelah was 30 years old, he became the father of Eber.
15And after he had become the father of Eber, Shelah lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters.
16When Eber was 34 years old, he became the father of Peleg.
17And after he had become the father of Peleg, Eber lived 430 years and had other sons and daughters.
18When Peleg was 30 years old, he became the father of Reu.
19And after he had become the father of Reu, Peleg lived 209 years and had other sons and daughters.
20When Reu was 32 years old, he became the father of Serug.
21And after he had become the father of Serug, Reu lived 207 years and had other sons and daughters.
22When Serug was 30 years old, he became the father of Nahor.
23And after he had become the father of Nahor, Serug lived 200 years and had other sons and daughters.
24When Nahor was 29 years old, he became the father of Terah.
25And after he had become the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters.
26When Terah was 70 years old, he became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.
27This is the account of Terah. Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran became the father of Lot.
28During his father Terah’s lifetime, Haran died in his native land, in Ur of the Chaldeans.
29And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. Abram’s wife was named Sarai, and Nahor’s wife was named Milcah; she was the daughter of Haran, who was the father of both Milcah and Iscah.
30But Sarai was barren; she had no children.
31And Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai the wife of Abram, and they set out from Ur of the Chaldeans for the land of Canaan. But when they arrived in Haran, they settled there.
32Terah lived 205 years, and he died in Haran.
Genesis 11 Section and Chapter Commentary
Gen 11:1-9
The Tower of Babel as an Etiology for Diverse Languages
The story of the Tower of Babel in Genesis 11 serves as an etiology, explaining the origin of the world's diverse languages. Following the flood, with only eight people speaking one language, the rapid proliferation of different languages like Akkadian, Moabite, and Aramaic is attributed to God's direct intervention to confuse human speech, preventing them from completing their ambitious tower.
Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 4: Babylon and Megiddo · watch the clip
Tower of Babel's historical anchor
While the narrative of the Tower of Babel is fictional, it is anchored in a real-world structure. The city of Babylon did have a prominent tower, suggesting that the biblical story, though embellished, drew inspiration from an existing physical landmark.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · History vs Myth: Can We Trust the Stories in the Hebrew Bible? · watch the clip
The Three-Storied Universe in Genesis
According to the Book of Genesis, God created one world with a three-storied structure: an 'above world' (heaven), the Earth, and a 'below world' (realm of the dead). God did not create water but divided existing waters with a firmament, separating the waters above from the waters below. The flood of Noah is depicted as a return to the pre-creation chaotic state when these divisions disappeared.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Really Go to Hell? · watch the clip
The Tower of Babel story is not referenced elsewhere in the Bible
The narrative of the Tower of Babel, often interpreted as a story of human hubris and the origin of diverse languages, is not mentioned by any other biblical authors or texts outside of its original account in Genesis.
Summarized by AI · The Ten Commandments · Lecture 4: The Status of the Ten Commandments · watch the clip
Gen 11:3-8
The city as a symbol of human rebellion in Genesis
In contrast to Mesopotamian myths where cities are divinely commanded and constructed as pinnacles of civilization, the Old Testament, specifically Genesis 11, portrays human-built cities and towers (like the Tower of Babel) as acts of human pride and rebellion against Yahweh. Instead of rejoicing, Yahweh disperses the people, indicating divine displeasure with such human endeavors.
Summarized by AI · Before the Bible: Mesopotamia and the Myths that Shaped Scripture · Lecture 2: From Gilgamesh to Genesis · watch the clip
Gen 11:10-26
Genesis Genealogies and Creation Date
The genealogies provided in Genesis, which detail the lifespans of early patriarchs, allow for a calculation of the world's creation date. Scholars like James Ussher in the 17th century used these biblical records to estimate that Adam was created around 4004 BCE. This calculation highlights a significant time gap between the events described and the presumed time of writing, even if Moses authored the Pentateuch.
Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 1: The Pentateuch | An Introduction · watch the clip