1Now the LORD attended to Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for Sarah what He had promised.
2So Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised.
3And Abraham gave the name Isaac to the son Sarah bore to him.
4When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as God had commanded him.
5Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.
6Then Sarah said, “God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me.”
7She added, “Who would have told Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have borne him a son in his old age.”
8So the child grew and was weaned, and Abraham held a great feast on the day Isaac was weaned.
9But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking her son,
10and she said to Abraham, “Expel the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac!”
11Now this matter distressed Abraham greatly because it concerned his son Ishmael.
12But God said to Abraham, “Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to everything that Sarah tells you, for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned.
13But I will also make a nation of the slave woman’s son, because he is your offspring.”
14Early in the morning, Abraham got up, took bread and a skin of water, put them on Hagar’s shoulders, and sent her away with the boy. She left and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba.
15When the water in the skin was gone, she left the boy under one of the bushes.
16Then she went off and sat down nearby, about a bowshot away, for she said, “I cannot bear to watch the boy die!” And as she sat nearby, she lifted up her voice and wept.
17Then God heard the voice of the boy, and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, “What is wrong, Hagar? Do not be afraid, for God has heard the voice of the boy where he lies.
18Get up, lift up the boy, and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.”
19Then God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. So she went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink.
20And God was with the boy, and he grew up and settled in the wilderness and became a great archer.
21And while he was dwelling in the Wilderness of Paran, his mother got a wife for him from the land of Egypt.
22At that time Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do.
23Now, therefore, swear to me here before God that you will not deal falsely with me or my children or descendants. Show to me and to the country in which you reside the same kindness that I have shown to you.”
24And Abraham replied, “I swear it.”
25But when Abraham complained to Abimelech about a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized,
26Abimelech replied, “I do not know who has done this. You did not tell me, so I have not heard about it until today.”
27So Abraham brought sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech, and the two men made a covenant.
28Abraham separated seven ewe lambs from the flock,
29and Abimelech asked him, “Why have you set apart these seven ewe lambs?”
30He replied, “You are to accept the seven ewe lambs from my hand as my witness that I dug this well.”
31So that place was called Beersheba, because it was there that the two of them swore an oath.
32After they had made the covenant at Beersheba, Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army got up and returned to the land of the Philistines.
33And Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and there he called upon the name of the LORD, the Eternal God.
34And Abraham resided in the land of the Philistines for a long time.
Genesis 21 Verse Notes
Gen 21:14
Anachronism: Beersheba mentioned before its founding
The city of Beersheba is mentioned in Genesis. Yet, archaeological excavations show that the oldest part of Beersheba dates back to the 12th century BCE, making its mention in the patriarchal narratives an anachronism.
Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 4: The Patriarchs | History or Legend? · watch the clip
Gen 21:31
Multiple namings of Beersheba
The text presents a doublet regarding the naming of Beersheba. Genesis 21:31 records Abraham naming the place Beersheba. However, Genesis 26:33 also describes Isaac naming the same place Beersheba, indicating a repetition of the event.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 5: The Composition of the Pentateuch · watch the clip
Archaeological Discrepancies with Patriarchal Narratives
Archaeological evidence contradicts biblical chronology regarding the patriarchs. For instance, Abraham is said to have lived in Beersheba, but the city wasn't inhabited until around 1200 BCE, a millennium after the biblical timeline. Similarly, Abraham's interactions with Philistines are anachronistic, as Philistines arrived in the region much later.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 6: The Ancestors and the Role of Tradition · watch the clip
Etiological Nature of Patriarchal Stories
Many patriarchal stories function as etiologies, explaining the origins of places, customs, or relationships. Examples include the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah explaining the Dead Sea region's desolation, the naming of Beersheba from an oath, Jacob's Ladder explaining the sanctuary at Bethel, and the circumcision covenant explaining the Israelite practice.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 6: The Ancestors and the Role of Tradition · watch the clip
Gen 21:32
Anachronism: Philistines mentioned before their historical appearance
The Book of Genesis refers to the Philistines and their nation. Archaeological evidence, however, indicates that the Philistines did not exist until the 12th century BCE, long after the patriarchal period in which these stories are set.
Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 4: The Patriarchs | History or Legend? · watch the clip
Anachronisms in Genesis suggest a later authorship than Moses
Several passages in Genesis contain anachronisms that point to a composition date long after Moses's supposed 13th-century BCE lifetime. For instance, Genesis 12:6 mentions a time when Canaanites were no longer in the land, which occurred after Moses. Genesis 14:14 refers to the city of Dan, which was named after the Israelite conquest. Genesis 21 and 24 mention Philistines and domesticated camels, which appeared centuries after Moses. Furthermore, Genesis 36:31 speaks of 'kings of Israel,' a concept that did not exist until the 10th century BCE.
Summarized by AI · In the Beginning: History, Legend, and Myth in Genesis · Lecture 6: Who Wrote the Pentateuch? · watch the clip