1This is what the LORD says to Cyrus His anointed, whose right hand I have grasped to subdue nations before him, to disarm kings, to open the doors before him, so that the gates will not be shut:
2“I will go before you and level the mountains; I will break down the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron.
3I will give you the treasures of darkness and the riches hidden in secret places, so that you may know that I am the LORD, the God of Israel, who calls you by name.
4For the sake of Jacob My servant and Israel My chosen one, I call you by name; I have given you a title of honor, though you have not known Me.
5I am the LORD, and there is no other; there is no God but Me. I will equip you for battle, though you have not known Me,
6so that all may know, from where the sun rises to where it sets, that there is none but Me; I am the LORD, and there is no other.
7I form the light and create the darkness; I bring prosperity and create calamity. I, the LORD, do all these things.
8Drip down, O heavens, from above, and let the skies pour down righteousness. Let the earth open up that salvation may sprout and righteousness spring up with it; I, the LORD, have created it.
9Woe to him who quarrels with his Maker—one clay pot among many. Does the clay ask the potter, ‘What are you making?’ Does your work say, ‘He has no hands’?
10Woe to him who says to his father, ‘What have you begotten?’ or to his mother, ‘What have you brought forth?’”
11Thus says the LORD, the Holy One of Israel, and its Maker: “Concerning things to come, do you question Me about My sons, or instruct Me in the work of My hands?
12It is I who made the earth and created man upon it. It was My hands that stretched out the heavens, and I ordained all their host.
13I will raise up Cyrus in righteousness, and I will make all his ways straight. He will rebuild My city and set My exiles free, but not for payment or reward, says the LORD of Hosts.”
14This is what the LORD says: “The products of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush, along with the Sabeans, men of stature, will come over to you and will be yours; they will trudge behind you; they will come over in chains and bow down to you. They will confess to you: ‘God is indeed with you, and there is no other; there is no other God.’”
15Truly You are a God who hides Himself, O God of Israel, the Savior.
16They will all be put to shame and humiliated; the makers of idols will depart together in disgrace.
17But Israel will be saved by the LORD with an everlasting salvation; you will not be put to shame or humiliated, to ages everlasting.
18For thus says the LORD, who created the heavens—He is God; He formed the earth and fashioned it; He established it; He did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited: “I am the LORD, and there is no other.
19I have not spoken in secret, from a place in a land of darkness. I did not say to the descendants of Jacob, ‘Seek Me in a wasteland.’ I, the LORD, speak the truth; I say what is right.
20Come, gather together, and draw near, you fugitives from the nations. Ignorant are those who carry idols of wood and pray to a god that cannot save.
21Speak up and present your case—yes, let them take counsel together. Who foretold this long ago? Who announced it from ancient times? Was it not I, the LORD? There is no other God but Me, a righteous God and Savior; there is none but Me.
22Turn to Me and be saved, all the ends of the earth; for I am God, and there is no other.
23By Myself I have sworn; truth has gone out from My mouth, a word that will not be revoked: Every knee will bow before Me, every tongue will swear allegiance.
24Surely they will say of Me, ‘In the LORD alone are righteousness and strength.’” All who rage against Him will come to Him and be put to shame.
25In the LORD all descendants of Israel will be justified and will exult.
Isaiah 45 Verse Notes
Isa 45:1-4
Isaiah's Reconciliation of Cyrus's Role
The prophet Isaiah, in chapter 45, addresses the discrepancy between Cyrus's decree and the Cyrus Cylinder by portraying Cyrus as God's 'anointed' (Messiah), even though Cyrus did not know the Lord. This suggests that the author of Isaiah understood that while Cyrus credited Marduk, it was the God of Israel who was ultimately in control, using Cyrus as an instrument for His purposes.
Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 4: Babylon and Megiddo · watch the clip
Isa 45:1
Cyrus as Yahweh's Anointed Shepherd
Second Isaiah identifies Cyrus, the Persian emperor, as Yahweh's 'shepherd' and 'anointed one,' chosen to fulfill God's purposes by restoring Jerusalem and rebuilding the temple. This theological interpretation aligns with Cyrus's own imperial propaganda, which claimed divine backing for his conquests, demonstrating how historical events and political messaging influenced the development of Israelite theology.
Summarized by AI · The Hebrew Bible: Exploring the Literature of Ancient Israel · Lecture 17: Isaiah | In Three Acts · watch the clip
Isa 45:5-7
God's Role in Good and Evil (Isaiah 45:7)
Isaiah 45:7 presents a monotheistic claim that God is responsible for both good and evil, stating, "I form the light and create darkness, I make peace and create evil." While many modern translations soften "evil" to "woe," "disaster," or "calamity," older translations like the King James Version retain "evil." This reflects a historical shift in theological understanding, as the concept of Satan emerged and people became less comfortable attributing evil directly to God.
Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 7: Qumran · watch the clip
Isa 45:5-6
Yahweh as a Misformed, Wicked Being
Gnostics believed that the God of the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh, was not the ultimate unknowable God, but rather a misformed, wicked divine being named Yaldabaoth. This entity, along with its minions, created the material world and human bodies to entrap sparks of divine wisdom (Sophia) within them. This interpretation is supported by Yaldabaoth's declaration in Isaiah 45, "I alone am God and there is no other," which Gnostics saw as evidence of his ignorance and malevolence, rather than supreme divinity.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Decoding Gnosticism: Secrets of a Heretical Christian Belief · watch the clip
Isa 45:5
God's sole divinity in the Old Testament
The Ebionites affirmed monotheism, pointing to Old Testament declarations that God alone is God and there is no other. They believed Jesus spoke of the same God and upheld the Jewish law, Moses, and Elijah, indicating continuity with the God of the Old Testament.
Summarized by AI · Earliest Christian Heresies · Lecture 4: The Ebionites · watch the clip
Monotheism in Second Isaiah
The concept of strict monotheism, where God declares himself as the only existing deity, first appears in the Hebrew Bible in Second Isaiah, written after the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century BCE. Here, God explicitly states, 'I alone am God and there is no other,' marking a shift from earlier henotheistic beliefs.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · One God Among Many: Rethinking the God of the Bible · watch the clip
Elohim as a Plural of Majesty, Not Trinity
While 'Elohim' is a plural Hebrew noun for God, biblical scholars generally understand it as a 'plural of majesty' rather than an indication of the Trinity. The singular verb forms used with 'Elohim' and God's self-declarations of being 'I alone' (e.g., Isaiah 45:5) confirm a singular conception of God in the Old Testament, despite the plural noun.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Finding Jesus in Genesis · watch the clip
Biblical Basis for Monotheism
The concept of the Trinity, while not explicitly stated in the Bible, arises from biblical statements. A foundational principle is the strong monotheistic emphasis found in passages like Isaiah and Deuteronomy, which declare that there is only one God and no other. This Oneness of God is central to both Jewish and early Christian belief.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Where Did the Trinity Come From? · watch the clip
Isa 45:7
Dead Sea Scrolls' Alteration of Isaiah 45:7
The Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran also shows an alteration to Isaiah 45:7, but in an unexpected way. Instead of changing "evil" (rah), the Qumran scribes changed "peace" (shalom) to "good" (tov), resulting in "I make good and create evil." This demonstrates that even within ancient Judaism, there was a wrestling with the text and a desire to reconcile theological concepts, reflecting evolving understandings of God's nature.
Summarized by AI · Cities of the Bible · Lecture 7: Qumran · watch the clip
God as the source of evil in the Hebrew Bible
In many instances within the Hebrew Bible where evil or bad things occur, they are attributed to God (Yahweh) rather than to a Satan figure. This indicates a theological perspective where God is the ultimate source of all events, good or bad.
Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 7: The Emergence of Satan in Ancient Judaism · watch the clip
Isa 45:23
The Christ Hymn: Jesus' Exaltation and Divine Status
Following his humiliation, God highly exalted Jesus, giving him the name above every name, so that every knee should bow and every tongue confess Jesus as Lord. This exaltation places Jesus at a level of equality with God the Father, fulfilling a prophecy from Isaiah originally referring to God alone.
Summarized by AI · Paul and Jesus: The Great Divide · Lecture 4: Who Was Jesus According to Paul? · watch the clip
Christ's pre-existence and exaltation in Philippians 2:6-11
Philippians 2:6-11, often called the 'Christ poem,' describes Christ as existing 'in the form of God' before emptying himself to become human and obedient to death on the cross. Subsequently, God 'highly exalted him and gave him the name that is above every name,' so that 'at the name of Jesus every knee should bow and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord.' This passage combines the idea of a divine being descending and then being further exalted to a supreme divine status, even being treated like Yahweh.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus�� Disciples Think He Was God? · watch the clip