Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of John · Chapter 13 of 21

John 13: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

38 verses · 20 video commentaries from 6 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1It was now just before the Passover Feast, and Jesus knew that His hour had come to leave this world and return to the Father. Having loved His own who were in the world, He loved them to the very end.

2The evening meal was underway, and the devil had already put into the heart of Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot, to betray Jesus.

3Jesus knew that the Father had delivered all things into His hands, and that He had come from God and was returning to God.

4So He got up from the supper, laid aside His outer garments, and wrapped a towel around His waist.

5After that, He poured water into a basin and began to wash the disciples’ feet and dry them with the towel that was around Him.

6He came to Simon Peter, who asked Him, “Lord, are You going to wash my feet?”

7Jesus replied, “You do not realize now what I am doing, but later you will understand.”

8“Never shall You wash my feet!” Peter told Him. Jesus answered, “Unless I wash you, you have no part with Me.”

9“Then, Lord,” Simon Peter replied, “not only my feet, but my hands and my head as well!”

10Jesus told him, “Whoever has already bathed needs only to wash his feet, and he will be completely clean. And you are clean, though not all of you.”

11For He knew who would betray Him. That is why He said, “Not all of you are clean.”

12When Jesus had washed their feet and put on His outer garments, He reclined with them again and asked, “Do you know what I have done for you?

13You call Me Teacher and Lord, and rightly so, because I am.

14So if I, your Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, you also should wash one another’s feet.

15I have set you an example so that you should do as I have done for you.

16Truly, truly, I tell you, no servant is greater than his master, nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him.

17If you know these things, you will be blessed if you do them.

18I am not speaking about all of you; I know whom I have chosen. But this is to fulfill the Scripture: ‘The one who shares My bread has lifted up his heel against Me.’

19I am telling you now before it happens, so that when it comes to pass, you will believe that I am He.

20Truly, truly, I tell you, whoever receives the one I send receives Me, and whoever receives Me receives the One who sent Me.”

21After Jesus had said this, He became troubled in spirit and testified, “Truly, truly, I tell you, one of you will betray Me.”

22The disciples looked at one another, perplexed as to which of them He meant.

23One of His disciples, the one whom Jesus loved, was reclining at His side.

24So Simon Peter motioned to him to ask Jesus which one He was talking about.

25Leaning back against Jesus, he asked, “Lord, who is it?”

26Jesus answered, “It is the one to whom I give this morsel after I have dipped it.” Then He dipped the morsel and gave it to Judas son of Simon Iscariot.

27And when Judas had taken the morsel, Satan entered into him. Then Jesus said to Judas, “What you are about to do, do quickly.”

28But no one at the table knew why Jesus had said this to him.

29Since Judas kept the money bag, some thought that Jesus was telling him to buy what was needed for the feast, or to give something to the poor.

30As soon as he had received the morsel, Judas went out into the night.

31When Judas had gone out, Jesus said, “Now the Son of Man is glorified, and God is glorified in Him.

32If God is glorified in Him, God will also glorify the Son in Himself—and will glorify Him at once.

33Little children, I am with you only a little while longer. You will look for Me, and as I said to the Jews, so now I say to you: ‘Where I am going, you cannot come.’

34A new commandment I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you also must love one another.

35By this everyone will know that you are My disciples, if you love one another.”

36“Lord, where are You going?” Simon Peter asked. Jesus answered, “Where I am going, you cannot follow Me now, but you will follow later.”

37“Lord,” said Peter, “why can’t I follow You now? I will lay down my life for You.”

38“Will you lay down your life for Me?” Jesus replied. “Truly, truly, I tell you, before the rooster crows, you will deny Me three times.

John 13 Section and Chapter Commentary

John 13:1-20

Inconsistencies in Last Supper Accounts

While Jesus likely had a last meal with his disciples before his crucifixion, the Gospel accounts differ significantly. Matthew, Mark, and Luke portray it as a Passover meal where Jesus institutes the Lord's Supper with bread and wine. John, however, places Jesus' death the day before the Passover meal and describes a last meal where Jesus washes the disciples' feet instead of instituting the Eucharist. These discrepancies make it difficult to ascertain the exact historical details of the event.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the Christmas Story a Myth? · watch the clip

John 13:1-17

The Farewell Discourse as a Theological Key

Jesus's long farewell discourse in John 13-17, though cryptic and challenging, is crucial for unlocking the Gospel's major theological ideas. It delves into concepts like spiritual indwelling, celestial access, and sharing in Jesus's glory, which are not as clearly articulated elsewhere. Understanding this discourse allows readers to re-examine earlier parts of the Gospel and recognize how key terms and symbolism are woven throughout the narrative, a method referred to as 'reading John backwards'.

Summarized by AI · Face to Face on the Bible: John · History, Theology, and Propaganda in John: Amy-Jill Levine and Hugo Méndez · watch the clip

John 13 Verse Notes

John 13:1

Positive Biblical Portrayals of Jews

Despite anti-Jewish rhetoric, the Bible, both Old and New Testaments, contained positive representations of Judaism and Jews. Old Testament stories praised Jewish fidelity to the law, and New Testament gospels depicted Jesus attending synagogues on the Sabbath, celebrating Jewish holidays, and wearing prayer fringes. This biblical foundation created a 'safety zone' for Jews, offering them a measure of security and respect not extended to pagans or heretical Christians.

Summarized by AI · Against the Jews: How Christianity Became Anti-Jewish · Against the Jews: How Christianity Became Anti-Jewish · watch the clip

Jesus' Jewish Identity and Observance of Torah

The earliest Christians, including Jesus and his followers, were ethnically, culturally, and religiously Jewish. Jesus attended synagogues, celebrated Jewish festivals like Hanukkah and Passover, and observed the Jewish law (Torah), as did his disciples and family.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 6: Why Multiple Gospels | Matthew’s Vision of Jesus · watch the clip

The Beloved Disciple as a Literary Device

Another scholarly view suggests the beloved disciple is a symbolic, invented character, embodying ideal discipleship. Unlike the Synoptics where all disciples abandon Jesus, in John, the beloved disciple remains with Jesus through his crucifixion, symbolizing unwavering loyalty and true discipleship.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 12: Three Enigmatic Letters | 1, 2, and 3 John · watch the clip

John 13:14

Jesus's Emphasis on Service vs. Revelation's Domination

Jesus's teachings in the Gospels are centered on a life of service, humility, and not lording over others, exemplified by his washing of the disciples' feet. He taught that the humble would be great through service, even to the point of self-sacrifice. Revelation, however, promotes domination, with God and Christ destroying enemies and casting them into a lake of fire, and true followers of Jesus ruling the Earth from the New Jerusalem, slaughtering their enemies. This ideology of domination is directly contrary to Jesus's message of service.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip

John 13:21

Verbatim Parallel: 'One of you will betray me'

The statement 'Amen, I say to you, one of you will betray me' found in John 13 is a verbatim parallel to similar declarations in Matthew and Mark. This exact phrasing across multiple Gospels points to a literary relationship rather than independent oral transmission.

Summarized by AI · Face to Face on the Bible: John · Did John Know the Synoptics? Bart Ehrman and Mark Goodacre · watch the clip

John 13:23

The Beloved Disciple as a Literary Device

The 'beloved disciple' in John's Gospel is best understood as a literary invention rather than a specific historical figure. This character serves to authorize the text by presenting an insider's perspective, amplifying the narrative's authority and lending veracity to the story, rather than being a verifiable eyewitness.

Summarized by AI · Face to Face on the Bible: John · How Historically Reliable is John? Paula Fredriksen and Robyn Walsh · watch the clip

John's Gospel implies authorship

While not explicitly stating 'I John,' the Gospel of John strongly implies its author is the 'beloved disciple' mentioned from chapter 13 onwards. John 21:24 directly states, 'This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them,' and the gospel uses first-person plural 'we' in John 1:14 and 21:24, suggesting an eyewitness account.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 11: Who Wrote the Synoptic Gospels? · watch the clip

Irenaeus on Gospel authors

Irenaeus, writing in the 180s, explicitly names the authors of the four canonical Gospels. He states that Matthew wrote a gospel for the Hebrews, Mark (Peter's interpreter) recorded Peter's preaching, Luke (Paul's companion) recorded Paul's gospel, and John (the Lord's disciple) published his gospel in Ephesus. This account connects John to the 'beloved disciple' leaning on Jesus' breast in John 13.

Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 11: Who Wrote the Synoptic Gospels? · watch the clip

The Beloved Disciple as the Author of John

The Gospel of John, unlike other gospels, strongly implies its author's identity through the figure of 'the disciple whom Jesus loved.' The text concludes by stating this disciple is testifying to and has written the events, suggesting he is the gospel's author.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 12: Three Enigmatic Letters | 1, 2, and 3 John · watch the clip

Lazarus as the Beloved Disciple

Some scholars propose Lazarus as the beloved disciple, noting that John 11:5 states Jesus loved Martha, Mary, and Lazarus. Since the beloved disciple is male and appears in the narrative after Lazarus is introduced, it's argued that subsequent references to the beloved disciple might refer to Lazarus.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 12: Three Enigmatic Letters | 1, 2, and 3 John · watch the clip

The Beloved Disciple and the Twelve

While the text doesn't explicitly state the beloved disciple is one of the twelve, the narrative implies it. In John 6, Jesus addresses the twelve, and in the Last Supper scene (John 13-17), the beloved disciple is depicted as Jesus' closest confidant, leaning on his chest, suggesting he is among the inner circle of the twelve.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 12: Three Enigmatic Letters | 1, 2, and 3 John · watch the clip

John's Authorship Inferred from the Beloved Disciple

The Gospel of John presents the 'beloved disciple' as its author, a figure portrayed as Jesus' closest follower. Early Christians, seeking to identify this anonymous figure, would have considered Jesus' three closest disciples from the Synoptics (Peter, James, and John). Since the beloved disciple is distinct from Peter and James died early (Acts 12:2), John was the most plausible candidate remaining.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 14: The Fourfold Gospel | Untangling Truth and Tradition · watch the clip

Identity of the Beloved Disciple

The 'beloved disciple' in the Gospel of John is a figure whose identity is debated. The most common theory identifies this disciple as John, son of Zebedee, due to his prominence in the other Gospels and the beloved disciple's pairing with Peter in John. Arguments against Mary Magdalene being the beloved disciple include the consistent use of masculine pronouns for the disciple, his presence at the Last Supper (implying one of the Twelve), and Mary Magdalene being distinguished from the disciples at the end of John's Gospel.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were the Apostles of Jesus All Martyred? · watch the clip

Identification of Beloved Disciple with John, Son of Zebedee

Early Christians identified the Beloved Disciple with John, the son of Zebedee, through a process of elimination. The Gospel portrays the Beloved Disciple as Jesus' most intimate follower, even reclining on Jesus' bosom at the Last Supper (John 13). Considering Jesus' twelve disciples, and the synoptic gospels' mention of Peter, James, and John as an inner circle, Peter is present alongside the Beloved Disciple, and James died early according to Acts. This leaves John as the most plausible candidate.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the Gospel of John a Forgery? · watch the clip

John 13:26-27

Satan enters Judas Iscariot

Both Luke and John describe Satan entering Judas Iscariot, leading him to betray Jesus. This narrative serves to explain the embarrassing fact that one of Jesus' closest disciples would betray him, portraying Satan as an intimate enemy who influences even those within the inner circle.

Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 8: Satan in Early Christianity · watch the clip

John 13:27

Satan Entering Judas Iscariot

The detail of 'Satan entering into Judas Iscariot' is found in both John 13 and Luke 22. This is the only instance John uses the word 'Satan,' while Luke frequently uses it. This specific, unusual detail, especially given Luke's characteristic use of 'Satan' in similar cosmic contexts, suggests John's knowledge of Luke's redaction rather than an independent oral tradition, as no one would 'observe' Satan entering a person.

Summarized by AI · Face to Face on the Bible: John · Did John Know the Synoptics? Bart Ehrman and Mark Goodacre · watch the clip

John 13:34-35

John's Gospel: Love Within the Community

The Gospel of John, written decades after Jesus, shifts the focus of love. While Jesus emphasized universal love, John's portrayal stresses love within the Christian community, so that outsiders can observe it. This reflects a historical change in Christian teachings towards prioritizing love among believers.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Do Fundamentalists (Actually) Follow Jesus? · watch the clip

John 13:34

Contrasting Love and Wrath in John's Writings

There is a significant difference in the portrayal of God's love and wrath between the Gospel of John and 1 John, and the Book of Revelation, despite traditional authorship by the same individual. In the Gospel of John and 1 John, God is explicitly stated to be love, and Christ commands his followers to love one another. In Revelation, God's love is never mentioned, and his actions are characterized by wrath and retribution, even if some might interpret the gift of the New Jerusalem as an act of love.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the God of Revelation the Same as the God of Jesus? · watch the clip

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