1Later, by the Sea of Tiberias, Jesus again revealed Himself to the disciples. He made Himself known in this way:
2Simon Peter, Thomas called Didymus, Nathanael from Cana in Galilee, the sons of Zebedee, and two other disciples were together.
3Simon Peter told them, “I am going fishing.” “We will go with you,” they said. So they went out and got into the boat, but caught nothing that night.
4Early in the morning, Jesus stood on the shore, but the disciples did not recognize that it was Jesus.
5So He called out to them, “Children, do you have any fish?” “No,” they answered.
6He told them, “Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you will find some.” So they cast it there, and they were unable to haul it in because of the great number of fish.
7Then the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, “It is the Lord!” As soon as Simon Peter heard that it was the Lord, he put on his outer garment (for he had removed it) and jumped into the sea.
8The other disciples came ashore in the boat. They dragged in the net full of fish, for they were not far from land, only about a hundred yards.
9When they landed, they saw a charcoal fire there with fish on it, and some bread.
10Jesus told them, “Bring some of the fish you have just caught.”
11So Simon Peter went aboard and dragged the net ashore. It was full of large fish, 153, but even with so many, the net was not torn.
12“Come, have breakfast,” Jesus said to them. None of the disciples dared to ask Him, “Who are You?” They knew it was the Lord.
13Jesus came and took the bread and gave it to them, and He did the same with the fish.
14This was now the third time that Jesus appeared to the disciples after He was raised from the dead.
15When they had finished eating, Jesus asked Simon Peter, “Simon son of John, do you love Me more than these?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus replied, “Feed My lambs.”
16Jesus asked a second time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” “Yes, Lord,” he answered, “You know I love You.” Jesus told him, “Shepherd My sheep.”
17Jesus asked a third time, “Simon son of John, do you love Me?” Peter was deeply hurt that Jesus had asked him a third time, “Do you love Me?” “Lord, You know all things,” he replied. “You know I love You.” Jesus said to him, “Feed My sheep.
18Truly, truly, I tell you, when you were young, you dressed yourself and walked where you wanted; but when you are old, you will stretch out your hands, and someone else will dress you and lead you where you do not want to go.”
19Jesus said this to indicate the kind of death by which Peter would glorify God. And after He had said this, He told him, “Follow Me.”
20Peter turned and saw the disciple whom Jesus loved following them. He was the one who had leaned back against Jesus at the supper to ask, “Lord, who is going to betray You?”
21When Peter saw him, he asked, “Lord, what about him?”
22Jesus answered, “If I want him to remain until I return, what is that to you? You follow Me!”
23Because of this, the rumor spread among the brothers that this disciple would not die. However, Jesus did not say that he would not die, but only, “If I want him to remain until I return, what is that to you?”
24This is the disciple who testifies to these things and who has written them down. And we know that his testimony is true.
25There are many more things that Jesus did. If all of them were written down, I suppose that not even the world itself would have space for the books that would be written.
John 21 Verse Notes
John 21:4-7
Mistaken identities suggest initial uncertainty
Several post-resurrection accounts feature mistaken identities, where Jesus' followers do not recognize him immediately. Examples include the disciples on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24), Mary Magdalene mistaking him for the gardener (John 20), and the disciples at the Sea of Tiberias (John 21). These narratives might reflect a historical reality where people were initially unsure if they were truly seeing Jesus.
Summarized by AI · The Other Doubting Thomases: Did Jesus' Disciples Believe in the Resurrection? · Lecture 2: Why Did the Disciples Doubt? · watch the clip
John 21:7
The Beloved Disciple as a Literary Device
The 'beloved disciple' in John's Gospel is best understood as a literary invention rather than a specific historical figure. This character serves to authorize the text by presenting an insider's perspective, amplifying the narrative's authority and lending veracity to the story, rather than being a verifiable eyewitness.
Summarized by AI · Face to Face on the Bible: John · How Historically Reliable is John? Paula Fredriksen and Robyn Walsh · watch the clip
Identity of the Beloved Disciple
The 'beloved disciple' in the Gospel of John is a figure whose identity is debated. The most common theory identifies this disciple as John, son of Zebedee, due to his prominence in the other Gospels and the beloved disciple's pairing with Peter in John. Arguments against Mary Magdalene being the beloved disciple include the consistent use of masculine pronouns for the disciple, his presence at the Last Supper (implying one of the Twelve), and Mary Magdalene being distinguished from the disciples at the end of John's Gospel.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were the Apostles of Jesus All Martyred? · watch the clip
John 21:15-17
Jesus' Use of Agape and Philia
While Jesus spoke Aramaic, the Greek New Testament shows him principally using the word agape. A notable instance in John 21 highlights a potential nuance between agape and philia when Jesus questions Peter's love, suggesting agape implies a willingness to do anything, while philia indicates a strong liking.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Surprising Truth Behind ��Love Thy Neighbor�� · watch the clip
John 21:18-19
Peter's Suggested Martyrdom in John and Clement
While the circumstances are unknown, there are indications that Peter was likely martyred. The Gospel of John, written after Peter's death, includes a passage where Jesus foretells Peter's martyrdom. Additionally, the non-canonical First Clement, written around 95 CE, mentions Peter and Paul bearing witness unto death, suggesting their martyrdom, though it doesn't specify Rome as the location or Nero as the persecutor.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were the Apostles of Jesus All Martyred? · watch the clip
John 21:18
Peter's Martyrdom Alluded to in John
The Gospel of John, written around 95 CE, contains an allusion to Peter's martyrdom in its final chapter. Jesus tells Peter that when he is old, someone else will bind his hands and take him where he does not want to go, implying a forced death for his faith, contrasting with his youthful freedom to go where he pleased.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were Peter & Paul Really Martyred? History vs. Legend · watch the clip
John 21:20-23
John debunks oral tradition about the beloved disciple
John's Gospel addresses a rumor that the beloved disciple would not die before Jesus returned. The author clarifies that Jesus did not make such a statement, thereby debunking another piece of circulating oral tradition and highlighting the need for accurate written accounts.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 16: Why Were the Synoptic Gospels Written? · watch the clip
John 21:20
Identity of the Beloved Disciple
The 'beloved disciple' in the Gospel of John is a figure whose identity is debated. The most common theory identifies this disciple as John, son of Zebedee, due to his prominence in the other Gospels and the beloved disciple's pairing with Peter in John. Arguments against Mary Magdalene being the beloved disciple include the consistent use of masculine pronouns for the disciple, his presence at the Last Supper (implying one of the Twelve), and Mary Magdalene being distinguished from the disciples at the end of John's Gospel.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Were the Apostles of Jesus All Martyred? · watch the clip
John 21:24-25
Chapter 21 as Later Addition Confirming Authorship
Chapter 21 of John is widely considered a later addition to the Gospel, as chapter 20 already provides a fitting conclusion. This added chapter reinforces the idea that the Beloved Disciple is the author. John 21:24-25 explicitly states, "This is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things, and we know that his testimony is true." The author of chapter 21 combines language from earlier parts of the Gospel to solidify the Beloved Disciple's authorial claim.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the Gospel of John a Forgery? · watch the clip
John 21:24
John 19:35 and 21:24 do not claim authorship by the Beloved Disciple
The passages in John 19:35 and 21:24 refer to the 'disciple whom Jesus loved' in the third person, stating that 'he who saw this has testified' and 'this is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them.' The author is presenting the testimony of this beloved disciple, not claiming to be him.
Summarized by AI · Did Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John Actually Write Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? · Did Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John Actually Write Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John? · watch the clip
John's Gospel implies authorship
While not explicitly stating 'I John,' the Gospel of John strongly implies its author is the 'beloved disciple' mentioned from chapter 13 onwards. John 21:24 directly states, 'This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them,' and the gospel uses first-person plural 'we' in John 1:14 and 21:24, suggesting an eyewitness account.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 11: Who Wrote the Synoptic Gospels? · watch the clip
Gospels as Historical Writing, Not Fiction
The Gospels present themselves as historical accounts, intending to convince readers that the events described truly happened. Unlike modern fiction, there is no implied contract between the author and reader for a suspension of reality; the authors aim for their narratives to be understood as history, even if their content may not be entirely historical.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 2: From Scrolls to Scripture | How the New Testament Was Handed Down · watch the clip
John 21:24 claims a disciple wrote the account
John 21:24 states, 'This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has written them down, and we know that his testimony is true.' This passage suggests that a specific, unnamed disciple, presumably an eyewitness to Jesus' resurrection, wrote down an account. The author of the Gospel of John claims to have received this story from that disciple, making it the only potential direct tie to an eyewitness among the gospels.
Summarized by AI · The Unknown Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John · Lecture 4: Jesus Before the Gospels | Oral Traditions & The Problems of Memory · watch the clip
John's reference to a written account of post-resurrection appearance
The author of John's Gospel indicates that the story of Jesus' post-resurrection appearance to Peter and the Beloved Disciple was recorded by one of the disciples. The author affirms the accuracy of this written account, suggesting at least some of John's content was based on prior written sources.
Summarized by AI · The Unknown Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John · Lecture 5: The Written Sources · watch the clip
Authorship in John's Gospel
While some passages in John's Gospel refer to the author or a beloved disciple, they do not explicitly name the author or claim that the author is the disciple in question. For instance, John 1:15 uses a collective 'we' that doesn't necessarily imply direct eyewitness, and John 21:24 refers to 'the disciple whom Jesus loved' as the source of the testimony but doesn't state the author is that disciple.
Summarized by AI · The Unknown Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John · Lecture 8: Why These Four Gospels | How We Got the New Testament · watch the clip
Who is the disciple whom Jesus loved in John 21:24?
Méndez says the Gospel of John presents itself as an eyewitness account written by an unnamed figure it calls the disciple whom Jesus loved, the claim made in John 21:24. Christian tradition identifies him as John the son of Zebedee, but scholars also weigh another John later confused with him, Lazarus, whom chapter 11 calls the one Jesus loved, or a literary device standing for the ideal disciple.
Summarized by AI · Who Do You Say I Am? Historical Sources for Jesus · Lecture 1: The Sources · watch the clip
The 'disciple bearing witness' in John 21:24 is not the author
In John 21:24, the text states, 'This is the disciple who is bearing witness to these things, and who has written these things, and we know that his testimony is true.' Similar to the previous passage, the author refers to 'the disciple' in the third person, then shifts to 'we know' in the first person plural. This grammatical distinction suggests that the author is not claiming to be the Beloved Disciple, but rather a separate individual or group affirming the disciple's testimony.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Who Really Wrote the Gospel of John? · watch the clip
John 21:25
Chapter 21 as a Later Addition to John
Many scholars believe John chapter 21 is a later addition to the gospel. Chapter 20 concludes with a typical ancient book sign-off, stating Jesus performed many unrecorded signs and the purpose of the book. Chapter 21 then redundantly offers another miracle story and a similar concluding statement, suggesting it was appended by a different hand.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 12: Three Enigmatic Letters | 1, 2, and 3 John · watch the clip