1At that time some of those present told Jesus about the Galileans whose blood Pilate had mixed with their sacrifices.
2To this He replied, “Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered this way?
3No, I tell you. But unless you repent, you too will all perish.
4Or those eighteen who were killed when the tower of Siloam collapsed on them: Do you think that they were more sinful than all the others living in Jerusalem?
5No, I tell you. But unless you repent, you too will all perish.”
6Then Jesus told this parable: “A man had a fig tree that was planted in his vineyard. He went to look for fruit on it but did not find any.
7So he said to the keeper of the vineyard, ‘Look, for the past three years I have come to search for fruit on this fig tree and haven’t found any. Therefore cut it down! Why should it use up the soil?’
8‘Sir,’ the man replied, ‘leave it alone again this year, until I dig around it and fertilize it.
9If it bears fruit next year, fine. But if not, you can cut it down.’”
10One Sabbath Jesus was teaching in one of the synagogues,
11and a woman there had been disabled by a spirit for eighteen years. She was hunched over and could not stand up straight.
12When Jesus saw her, He called her over and said, “Woman, you are set free from your disability.”
13Then He placed His hands on her, and immediately she straightened up and began to glorify God.
14But the synagogue leader was indignant that Jesus had healed on the Sabbath. “There are six days for work,” he told the crowd. “So come and be healed on those days and not on the Sabbath.”
15“You hypocrites!” the Lord replied. “Does not each of you on the Sabbath untie his ox or donkey from the stall and lead it to water?
16Then should not this daughter of Abraham, whom Satan has kept bound for eighteen long years, be released from her bondage on the Sabbath day?”
17When Jesus said this, all His adversaries were humiliated. And the whole crowd rejoiced at all the glorious things He was doing.
18Then Jesus asked, “What is the kingdom of God like? To what can I compare it?
19It is like a mustard seed that a man tossed into his garden. It grew and became a tree, and the birds of the air nested in its branches.”
20Again He asked, “To what can I compare the kingdom of God?
21It is like leaven that a woman took and mixed into three measures of flour, until all of it was leavened.”
22Then Jesus traveled throughout the towns and villages, teaching as He made His way toward Jerusalem.
23“Lord,” someone asked Him, “will only a few people be saved?” Jesus answered,
24“Make every effort to enter through the narrow door. For many, I tell you, will try to enter and will not be able.
25After the master of the house gets up and shuts the door, you will stand outside knocking and saying, ‘Lord, open the door for us.’ But he will reply, ‘I do not know where you are from.’
26Then you will say, ‘We ate and drank with you, and you taught in our streets.’
27And he will answer, ‘I tell you, I do not know where you are from. Depart from me, all you evildoers.’
28There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth when you see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets in the kingdom of God, but you yourselves are thrown out.
29People will come from east and west and north and south, and will recline at the table in the kingdom of God.
30And indeed, some who are last will be first, and some who are first will be last.”
31At that very hour, some Pharisees came to Jesus and told Him, “Leave this place and get away, because Herod wants to kill You.”
32But Jesus replied, “Go tell that fox, ‘Look, I will keep driving out demons and healing people today and tomorrow, and on the third day I will reach My goal.’
33Nevertheless, I must keep going today and tomorrow and the next day, for it is not admissible for a prophet to perish outside of Jerusalem.
34O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets and stones those sent to her, how often I have longed to gather your children together as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were unwilling!
35Look, your house is left to you desolate. And I tell you that you will not see Me again until you say, ‘Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord.’”
Luke 13 Verse Notes
Luke 13:15
Sabbath Exceptions for Necessity
Certain actions were widely accepted as permissible on the Sabbath due to necessity, including untying an animal for water, rescuing a child or animal from a pit, and performing circumcision on the eighth day, even if it fell on the Sabbath. This demonstrates a common understanding that life-saving or religiously mandated acts could override Sabbath prohibitions.
Summarized by AI · Judaism in the Time of Jesus: Torah Law and Everyday Life in First-Century Judea · Lecture 4: Daily Life II: Sabbath and Festivals · watch the clip
Luke 13:18-19
The Kingdom of God and the Unnatural Mustard Seed
The parable of the mustard seed in Luke 13 describes the Kingdom of God as a tiny seed that grows into a tree large enough for birds to nest in its branches. This image is surprising because mustard plants do not grow into trees, nor do birds typically nest in their low branches. This 'contrary to nature' element highlights the unexpected and extraordinary nature of the Kingdom of Heaven.
Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 1: Pearls and Prodigals | How to Hear a Parable · watch the clip
Gospel of Thomas parallels Synoptic parables
The Gospel of Thomas contains numerous sayings that parallel those found in the Synoptic Gospels, with 40-50% of its sayings having such parallels. A clear example is the parable of the mustard seed, which appears in Thomas 20 with striking similarity to its Synoptic counterparts.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Think the synoptic problem is 3 gospels? Think again · watch the clip
Gospel of Thomas Sayings Similar to Canonical Gospels
The Gospel of Thomas contains 114 sayings attributed to Jesus, with over half of them closely resembling sayings found in the canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. These similarities are particularly evident in passages like the Parable of the Mustard Seed and the teaching about the speck and the log in the eye, which have direct parallels in Matthew 13, Mark 4, and Luke 13.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Hidden Wisdom or Heresy? The Enigma of the Gospel of Thomas · watch the clip
Luke 13:18
Jesus' Main Teachings in Synoptics Focus on God's Kingdom, Not Himself
In Matthew, Mark, and Luke, Jesus' primary focus is not on his own divinity but on the coming Kingdom of God, judgment, and the interpretation of God's law, particularly the love commandments. He frequently uses parables to teach about the Kingdom, and his most significant self-declaration is his prediction of suffering, death, and resurrection.
Summarized by AI · Did Jesus Think He Was God? A Closer Look at the Evidence · Did Jesus Think He Was God? A Closer Look at the Evidence · watch the clip
Luke 13:28
Luke knows Matthew's editorial fingerprints
Luke demonstrates knowledge of Matthew's characteristic editorial tendencies, or 'redactional fingerprints.' A prime example is the phrase 'weeping and gnashing of teeth,' which appears in a Q-attributed passage (Luke 13:28) but also four other times in Matthew's Gospel, reflecting Matthew's unique style for describing hellish judgment. This suggests Luke is adopting Matthew's characteristic language rather than independently deriving it from Q.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 4: The Case Against Q · watch the clip
Luke shows knowledge of Matthew's editorial fingerprints
Luke's Gospel exhibits knowledge of Matthew's characteristic editorial style. For instance, the 'and fire' addition to John the Baptist's baptism in Matthew and Luke, which is absent in Acts when Luke describes baptism with the Holy Spirit, reflects Matthew's frequent use of fire imagery. Similarly, Matthew's characteristic phrase 'weeping and gnashing of teeth' appears five times in Matthew but only once in Luke, suggesting Luke incorporated some of Matthew's distinctive language.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 6: Did Q Exist? · watch the clip
Luke 13:31
Herod Antipas's Role in Luke
Luke uniquely includes a trial before Herod Antipas, a character he has 'seeded' throughout his gospel, making him a more prominent antagonist. This narrative choice enhances the dramatic structure of Luke's gospel, bringing a previously mentioned character to a climactic role.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 8: Why Are the Synoptic Arrest and Trial Narratives So Different? · watch the clip
Luke 13:33-34
Jesus' death foreshadowed by Jerusalem's history
Luke foreshadows Jesus' eventual death in Jerusalem by emphasizing that the city is known for killing prophets. Jesus himself states that he must go to Jerusalem because 'it is impossible for a prophet to perish outside of Jerusalem,' indicating that his death there is part of a pattern of rejection.
Summarized by AI · Luke's Maverick Gospel · Lecture 3: How to Begin a Ministry · watch the clip
Luke 13:34-35
Q's Awareness of Jesus' Death and Vindication
Despite lacking a passion narrative, Q demonstrates awareness of Jesus' death and subsequent vindication. The saying about taking up one's cross directly alludes to Jesus' fate, and the lament over Jerusalem, which kills prophets, implies Jesus' death and future return, indicating a theological understanding of these events.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 3: The Case for Q · watch the clip
Jesus' Lament over Jerusalem in Matthew and Luke
The impassioned lament of Jesus over Jerusalem in Matthew 23:37-39 and Luke 13:34-35, where he declares, "See, your house is left to you desolate," makes more sense when read against the backdrop of the temple's destruction in 70 CE. The concept of the 'house of God' being desolate is also echoed in Josephus's writings, suggesting that both Matthew and Luke were written with knowledge of this traumatic event.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 12: When Were the Synoptic Gospels Written? · watch the clip