1And calling His twelve disciples to Him, Jesus gave them authority over unclean spirits, so that they could drive them out and heal every disease and sickness.
2These are the names of the twelve apostles: first Simon, called Peter, and his brother Andrew; James son of Zebedee, and his brother John;
3Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus;
4Simon the Zealot, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus.
5These twelve Jesus sent out with the following instructions: “Do not go onto the road of the Gentiles or enter any town of the Samaritans.
6Go rather to the lost sheep of Israel.
7As you go, preach this message: ‘The kingdom of heaven is near.’
8Heal the sick, raise the dead, cleanse the lepers, drive out demons. Freely you have received; freely give.
9Do not take along any gold or silver or copper in your belts.
10Take no bag for the road, or second tunic, or sandals, or staff; for the worker is worthy of his provisions.
11Whatever town or village you enter, find out who is worthy there and stay at his house until you move on.
12As you enter the home, greet its occupants.
13If the home is worthy, let your peace rest on it, but if it is not, let your peace return to you.
14And if anyone will not welcome you or heed your words, shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town.
15Truly I tell you, it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town.
16Behold, I am sending you out like sheep among wolves; therefore be as shrewd as snakes and as innocent as doves.
17But beware of men, for they will hand you over to their councils and flog you in their synagogues.
18On My account you will be brought before governors and kings as witnesses to them and to the Gentiles.
19But when they hand you over, do not worry about how to respond or what to say. In that hour you will be given what to say.
20For it will not be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.
21Brother will betray brother to death, and a father his child; children will rise against their parents and have them put to death.
22You will be hated by everyone because of My name, but the one who perseveres to the end will be saved.
23When they persecute you in one town, flee to the next. Truly I tell you, you will not reach all the towns of Israel before the Son of Man comes.
24A disciple is not above his teacher, nor a servant above his master.
25It is enough for a disciple to be like his teacher, and a servant like his master. If the head of the house has been called Beelzebul, how much more the members of his household!
26So do not be afraid of them. For there is nothing concealed that will not be disclosed, and nothing hidden that will not be made known.
27What I tell you in the dark, speak in the daylight; what is whispered in your ear, proclaim from the housetops.
28Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Instead, fear the One who can destroy both soul and body in hell.
29Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? Yet not one of them will fall to the ground apart from the will of your Father.
30And even the very hairs of your head are all numbered.
31So do not be afraid; you are worth more than many sparrows.
32Therefore everyone who confesses Me before men, I will also confess him before My Father in heaven.
33But whoever denies Me before men, I will also deny him before My Father in heaven.
34Do not assume that I have come to bring peace to the earth; I have not come to bring peace, but a sword.
35For I have come to turn ‘a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law.
36A man’s enemies will be the members of his own household.’
37Anyone who loves his father or mother more than Me is not worthy of Me; anyone who loves his son or daughter more than Me is not worthy of Me;
38and anyone who does not take up his cross and follow Me is not worthy of Me.
39Whoever finds his life will lose it, and whoever loses his life for My sake will find it.
40He who receives you receives Me, and he who receives Me receives the One who sent Me.
41Whoever receives a prophet because he is a prophet will receive a prophet’s reward, and whoever receives a righteous man because he is a righteous man will receive a righteous man’s reward.
42And if anyone gives even a cup of cold water to one of these little ones because he is My disciple, truly I tell you, he will never lose his reward.”
Matthew 10 Verse Notes
Matt 10:5-6
Jesus' mission restricted to Israel
All four Gospels indicate that Jesus' message was exclusively for Jews. Matthew explicitly records Jesus commanding his disciples to 'go only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel.' The concept of Gentiles turning to God in the last days, present in other traditions, is notably absent from Jesus' teachings in the Gospels.
Summarized by AI · Ancient Christianities: The First Five Hundred Years · Lecture 3: Beginnings | From Jesus to Christ · watch the clip
Gentiles' Greater Recognition of Jesus
Matthew's Gospel frequently depicts Gentiles as more readily recognizing Jesus' power and authority than his own Jewish community. Examples include the Centurion's faith in healing his servant. This theme foreshadows the eventual turning of the Gospel message to the Gentiles after Jesus' rejection by Jewish leadership, culminating in the Great Commission to make disciples of all nations.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Gospel of Matthew is Pure Brilliance! · watch the clip
Matt 10:5
Negative Statements About Gentiles in Matthew
Matthew's Gospel contains several negative statements about Gentiles, such as Jesus instructing disciples not to go 'among the Gentiles' (Matthew 10:5) and referring to Gentiles as those who 'heap up empty phrases' in prayer (Matthew 6:7). This suggests a Jewish perspective within the Gospel, where Gentiles are presented as 'others' or even as a negative example, despite the Great Commission at the end.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 14: Did Matthew Try to "Re-Judaize" Jesus? · watch the clip
Matt 10:7-8
Disciples' Authority to Raise the Dead
Jesus grants his disciples authority to perform miracles, including raising the dead, as stated in Matthew 10:7-8. While the Gospels do not narrate these specific acts by the disciples, the Book of Acts records instances of apostles like Peter and Paul raising individuals from the dead. Jesus's own resurrection remains unique because it is a permanent resurrection (never to die again) and is directly performed by God, with all other resuscitations rooted in his divine power.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Night of the Living Dead: Matthew's Forgotten Resurrection · watch the clip
Matt 10:9-10
Disciples' Equipment: Staff or No Staff?
Mark and Matthew contradict each other regarding whether Jesus instructed his disciples to take a staff when he sent them out. Mark's gospel states that Jesus told them to take nothing 'except a staff,' while Matthew's parallel account explicitly says 'take no staff.' This is a direct contradiction concerning Jesus' instructions.
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Gospels contradict on Jesus's instructions to disciples
The Gospels contain flat-out contradictions, even on minor details. For example, when Jesus sends his disciples out to spread the gospel, Matthew and Mark provide conflicting instructions regarding whether they should take a staff. Mark 6:8 says to take a staff, while Matthew 10:9-10 says not to take one, illustrating a clear discrepancy.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · 8 Bible Myths Many Christians Believe · watch the clip
Contradictions in Gospel accounts of Jesus' instructions
The Gospels can contain contradictions regarding Jesus' specific instructions. For example, in Mark's Gospel, Jesus tells his apostles to take a staff when sent out, while in Matthew's parallel account, he explicitly tells them not to take a staff. Such discrepancies indicate that not all Gospel accounts can be historically accurate word-for-word.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Christians Invent Jesus' Teachings? · watch the clip
Matt 10:9
Galilean economic conditions supported hospitality
During Jesus' ministry in Galilee, the region experienced relative prosperity, with no major famines or wars. This economic stability meant that people generally had enough resources to share, making the practice of hospitality, which Jesus' missionaries relied upon, a viable and common social custom.
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Contradictions in Disciples' Instructions
The Gospels of Mark and Matthew present contradictory instructions from Jesus to his disciples regarding what to take on their mission. Mark states they should take a staff, while Matthew explicitly says not to take a staff. This direct opposition highlights a clear discrepancy between the accounts.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Without Error? A History of Biblical Inerrancy · watch the clip
Matt 10:10
Emphasis on Disciples' Dependence in Mission Instructions
When Jesus sends out his 12 disciples, Matthew's account (Matthew 10) instructs them not to take a staff, directly contradicting Mark's instruction (Mark 6) to take one. This change by Matthew heightens the emphasis on the disciples' complete dependence on God's provision and power for their mission, even if it creates a contradiction between the two Gospels.
Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Gospel of Matthew: What Scholars Say About the First Gospel · Lecture 1: How Do You Study a Gospel? | Take Matthew, For Example · watch the clip
Jesus's Command for Missionaries' Support
Paul cites a command from 'the Lord' that those who preach the gospel should earn their living from it. This teaching, which Paul sometimes diverged from in his own practice, has parallels in Matthew 10:10 and Luke 10:7, indicating an early tradition about missionary support.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 2: Was There a "Gospel" Before the Gospels? · watch the clip
Gospel contradictions: Staff for the journey
The Gospels contain direct contradictions, such as Jesus' instructions to his disciples regarding taking a staff on their journey. One gospel states they should not take a staff, while another in the same context says they should take one. This presents a problem for the doctrine of inerrancy, as both cannot be factually correct.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why the Doctrine of Inerrancy Contradicts the Gospels · watch the clip
Matt 10:15
Biblical Non-Retaliation and Divine Vengeance
The Bible, both Old and New Testaments, consistently advises against personal vengeance. Instead, it advocates for leaving retribution to God, who will ultimately avenge wrongs through eschatological judgment. This concept, sometimes called 'fantasies of vengeance,' suggests that while individuals should not retaliate, God will ensure justice.
Summarized by AI · The Bible and the Quran: Comparing Their Historical Problems · Lecture 8: A History of Hatred, Intolerance, and Violence | Is the Quran to Blame? · watch the clip
Matt 10:17
Matthew's Distance from the Synagogue
Matthew's repeated use of the phrase "their synagogues" (e.g., Matthew 4:23, 9:35, 10:17, 12:9, 13:54) suggests a growing distance between Matthew's community and the synagogue. This linguistic choice indicates a separation that aligns with the late first-century period when tensions between Christian Jews and non-Christian Jews increased, possibly leading to expulsions from synagogues.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 12: When Were the Synoptic Gospels Written? · watch the clip
Intra-Jewish Polemic in Matthew
Matthew's Jesus engages in strong polemics against other Jewish groups, particularly the Pharisees, condemning them as "blind guides" and "whitewashed tombs." This reflects an intra-Jewish debate within the Christian movement, where Jesus' followers are expected to face harassment in synagogues.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 6: Why Multiple Gospels | Matthew’s Vision of Jesus · watch the clip
Matt 10:23
Imminent Heavenly Savior and Judge
Both Paul and Jesus believed that a heavenly savior and judge, such as a Son of Man or messianic figure, would soon come from heaven to execute God's judgment. They both felt an urgency to preach the gospel, proclaiming the good news of God's imminent intervention to establish good and eradicate evil, and urging people to prepare for salvation from the coming judgment.
Summarized by AI · Paul and Jesus: The Great Divide · Lecture 8: Did Paul and Jesus Have the Same Religion? · watch the clip
Matt 10:28
God's Power to Destroy Soul and Body in Hell
In Matthew's Gospel, Jesus instructs his disciples to fear God, who has the power to destroy both soul and body in hell (Gehenna), rather than fearing those who can only kill the body. This highlights God's ultimate authority over eternal punishment.
Summarized by AI · Demons and Ghosts in the Bible · Lecture 11: The Abode of Satan · watch the clip
Jesus' teachings include divine judgment and destruction
While Jesus teaches love, he also warns of impending divine judgment and destruction for those who do not follow him. His central message includes the imminent annihilation of masses of disobedient people, urging repentance to avoid this fate. This indicates that the New Testament, through Jesus' teachings, also contains themes of divine violence and judgment.
Summarized by AI · The Bible and the Quran: Comparing Their Historical Problems · Lecture 7: A History of Hatred, Intolerance, and Violence | Is the Bible to Blame? · watch the clip
Matthew 10:28 and the Destruction of Body and Soul
In Matthew 10:28, Jesus warns to fear God, who can destroy both body and soul in Gehenna. This passage is often mistranslated as 'hell' but refers to Gehenna, a valley outside Jerusalem. The teaching implies complete annihilation for the unrighteous, meaning both their physical existence and their 'breath' or 'spirit' would cease to exist.
Summarized by AI · What the Hell? Jesus' Teachings on the Afterlife · Lecture 2: Who Invented Hell? · watch the clip
Matt 10:34
Peace or a Sword Saying's Context
The saying "Do not think that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I have not come to bring peace, but a sword" (Matthew 10:34, Luke 12:51) is likely not a historical saying of Jesus. Its most plausible context is the later early Christian experience where following Jesus caused divisions within families, setting believers against non-believers. The saying served to explain this social disruption, rather than advocating for violent overthrow of the state.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Was Jesus a Violent Rebel? (Or a Zealot?) · watch the clip
Jesus' Saying About Bringing a Sword
The saying in Matthew 10:34, where Jesus states he came to bring a sword rather than peace, is interpreted by scholars as a reflection of the early Christian situation after Jesus's death. This saying likely does not originate from the historical Jesus but was attributed to him by later storytellers to explain the divisions that arose within families between those who believed in Jesus as the Messiah and those who did not.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Pontius Pilate in a Different Light: A Little Known Apocryphal Gospel · watch the clip
Matt 10:37
Luke's More Problematic 'Hate' Saying
Luke's version of the saying about discipleship, which states one must 'hate' father and mother, is more problematic than Matthew's 'love more than me.' This suggests Luke's version is earlier and Matthew has softened the saying to make it more palatable, indicating Luke's primitiveness in this instance.
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Christian Debates on Family Life
The Infancy Gospel of Thomas is contextualized within broader ancient Christian debates about the value of family life. Some New Testament passages, like those in Paul's letters to Timothy and Titus, affirm the importance of households, while others, like some of Jesus' teachings, suggest leaving family for discipleship. This gospel, by portraying the challenges and persistence of Jesus' human family, affirms the value of family life.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · He's a Very Naughty Boy: The Infancy Gospel of Thomas · watch the clip
Matt 10:38
Prosperity Gospel vs. Jesus' Teachings
The Prosperity Gospel, which claims God wants believers to be rich in return for giving to the church, directly contradicts Jesus' teachings. Jesus taught self-sacrifice and giving up wealth for the coming Kingdom, not personal enrichment. He stated it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, emphasizing poverty over wealth.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Do Fundamentalists (Actually) Follow Jesus? · watch the clip