1“Be careful not to perform your righteous acts before men to be seen by them. If you do, you will have no reward from your Father in heaven.
2So when you give to the needy, do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and on the streets, to be honored by men. Truly I tell you, they already have their full reward.
3But when you give to the needy, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing,
4so that your giving may be in secret. And your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you.
5And when you pray, do not be like the hypocrites. For they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the street corners to be seen by men. Truly I tell you, they already have their full reward.
6But when you pray, go into your inner room, shut your door, and pray to your Father, who is unseen. And your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you.
7And when you pray, do not babble on like pagans, for they think that by their many words they will be heard.
8Do not be like them, for your Father knows what you need before you ask Him.
9So then, this is how you should pray: ‘Our Father in heaven, hallowed be Your name.
10Your kingdom come, Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.
11Give us this day our daily bread.
12And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.
13And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.’
14For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.
15But if you do not forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive yours.
16When you fast, do not be somber like the hypocrites, for they disfigure their faces to show men they are fasting. Truly I tell you, they already have their full reward.
17But when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face,
18so that your fasting will not be obvious to men, but only to your Father, who is unseen. And your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you.
19Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal.
20But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where moth and rust do not destroy, and where thieves do not break in and steal.
21For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
22The eye is the lamp of the body. If your eyes are good, your whole body will be full of light.
23But if your eyes are bad, your whole body will be full of darkness. If then the light within you is darkness, how great is that darkness!
24No one can serve two masters: Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to the one and despise the other. You cannot serve both God and money.
25Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear. Is not life more than food, and the body more than clothes?
26Look at the birds of the air: They do not sow or reap or gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not much more valuable than they?
27Who of you by worrying can add a single hour to his life?
28And why do you worry about clothes? Consider how the lilies of the field grow: They do not labor or spin.
29Yet I tell you that not even Solomon in all his glory was adorned like one of these.
30If that is how God clothes the grass of the field, which is here today and tomorrow is thrown into the furnace, will He not much more clothe you, O you of little faith?
31Therefore do not worry, saying, ‘What shall we eat?’ or ‘What shall we drink?’ or ‘What shall we wear?’
32For the Gentiles strive after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that you need them.
33But seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these things will be added unto you.
34Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about itself. Today has enough trouble of its own.
Matthew 6 Section and Chapter Commentary
Matt 6:9-13
Lord's Prayer: Luke's Shorter, Matthew's Metaphorical Debt
Luke's version of the Lord's Prayer is shorter and less refined, aligning with the textual criticism principle that shorter readings are often earlier. However, Matthew's use of 'debts' as a metaphor for 'sins' preserves an earlier feature, which Luke clarifies by changing 'debts' to 'sins,' demonstrating editorial fatigue by not changing the second instance.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 3: The Case for Q · watch the clip
Alternating primitiveness in double tradition sayings
A key argument for Q is that sometimes Matthew, and other times Luke, seems to preserve a more primitive version of a double tradition saying. This is inexplicable if Luke knew Matthew, as Luke's versions would always be expected to be secondary. Examples include the Lord's Prayer and the Beatitude on the Poor, where Luke's version is often considered more original.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 4: The Case Against Q · watch the clip
The Lord's Prayer as an Apocalyptic Petition
Matthew's version of the Lord's Prayer contains seven petitions that reflect an apocalyptic worldview. Phrases like "Your kingdom come" and "Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven" are seen as urgent pleas for God's imminent intervention to establish his righteous kingdom and overcome the present evil.
Summarized by AI · The Genius of the Gospel of Matthew: What Scholars Say About the First Gospel · Lecture 4: The Sermon on the Mount and the New Moses · watch the clip
Differences in the Lord's Prayer
The Lord's Prayer, found in both Matthew and Luke, exhibits notable differences. Matthew's version is longer, including phrases like 'Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven' and 'deliver us from evil.' Luke's version is shorter and begins simply with 'Father,' whereas Matthew's begins with 'Our Father who art in heaven.' Matthew also uses 'debts' while Luke uses 'sins' in the petition for forgiveness.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 4: Why Are the Synoptic Gospels So Different? · watch the clip
The Lord's Prayer in Matthew and Luke
The Lord's Prayer appears in both Matthew and Luke, but with significant differences. Matthew's version is longer and more elaborate, including phrases like 'who art in heaven,' 'thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven,' and 'deliver us from evil.' Luke's version is simpler and shorter. Advocates of the Q hypothesis argue that Luke's version is closer to the original Q source, and Matthew later embellished it, as it is harder to imagine Luke deliberately omitting such meaningful phrases.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 9: Why Are the Gospels So Similar | The Riddle of Q · watch the clip
Minor Agreements Explained by Scribal Harmonization
Minor agreements between Matthew and Luke against Mark, such as a shared half-sentence, can often be explained by scribal harmonization. Later scribes, familiar with both gospels, might intentionally alter one text to align it with the other, especially for well-known passages like the Lord's Prayer. Additionally, authors might independently remove or change elements for similar reasons, such as omitting 'Do not defraud' from the commandments because it's not one of the Ten Commandments.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · In Search of Q: The Hypothetical Source for Matthew and Luke · watch the clip
Mark's Omissions of Key Teachings
Matthew and Luke contain significant material not found in Mark, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Beatitudes. If Mark had been written after Matthew or Luke, it would be unlikely for him to omit such important teachings of Jesus. This suggests Mark was earlier and Matthew and Luke added this material, possibly from another source known as Q.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why Should We Think Mark Was the First Gospel? · watch the clip
Variations in the Lord's Prayer: Debts vs. Trespasses
The Lord's Prayer appears in two different versions in the New Testament: Matthew 6 and Luke 11. Matthew's version uses the term 'debts' (financial obligations) while Luke's uses 'sins' or 'transgressions.' The modern common rendition often combines Matthew's longer form with Luke's 'trespasses,' reflecting a theological preference for God forgiving moral wrongs over financial ones.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is The Gospel of John Anti-Semitic? · watch the clip
The Q Source: Shared Sayings in Matthew and Luke
Both Matthew and Luke share common material not found in Mark, primarily consisting of Jesus' sayings like the Beatitudes, the Lord's Prayer, and certain parables. Scholars hypothesize an additional source, dubbed 'Q' (from the German 'Quelle' for source), which Matthew and Luke independently utilized, alongside Mark.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Gospel of Matthew is Pure Brilliance! · watch the clip
The Lord's Prayer and Pythagoras
The Lord's Prayer exhibits similarities with the Golden Verses of Pythagoras, suggesting that its themes and structure were not entirely unique but resonated with existing philosophical and ethical teachings in the ancient world. This indicates a broader cultural context for the development of early Christian teachings.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Are the Gospels Mostly Fabricated? · watch the clip
Scribal Harmonization of the Lord's Prayer
Early Christian scribes recognized differences between gospel accounts and often altered texts to reconcile them. For instance, Luke's version of the Lord's Prayer is significantly shorter than Matthew's, missing several petitions. Scribes frequently added these missing petitions to Luke's text, demonstrating an early attempt to harmonize the gospels by making them coincide.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Christians Have Known About Gospel Contradictions for 1,800 Years · watch the clip
Matt 6:25-34
Do Not Worry About Material Needs
Jesus instructs his followers not to worry about basic life necessities like food, drink, or clothing. He argues that God provides for birds and lilies, which are of less value than humans, and therefore, God will surely provide for those who prioritize seeking the Kingdom of God and His righteousness.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 3: Jesus the Capitalist · watch the clip
Lack of Concern for Material Wealth Due to Imminent Kingdom
Jesus advised his followers not to worry about their next meal, implying a lack of concern for material provisions or economic systems. This perspective stems from his apocalyptic worldview, where the Kingdom of God was believed to be arriving imminently, rendering long-term material concerns and governmental structures irrelevant.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 4: Jesus' Financial Interests · watch the clip
Jesus' teachings on material possessions and spiritual focus
Jesus taught that people should not be overly concerned with worldly possessions like food or clothing, but rather trust in God's provision. He emphasized the spiritual realm over the material, suggesting a detachment from earthly power structures and a focus on God's kingdom.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Invent Modern Morality? Exploring Ancient Ethics · watch the clip
Matthew 6 Verse Notes
Matt 6:5-6
Jesus' teaching on public prayer in Matthew 6
Jesus instructs his disciples not to pray publicly in synagogues or on street corners like hypocrites seeking to be seen by others. Instead, he advises private prayer, implying that public prayer in the synagogue was not the expected or appropriate practice, but rather a display of piety.
Summarized by AI · Judaism in the Time of Jesus: Torah Law and Everyday Life in First-Century Judea · Lecture 1: The Torah and the Synagogue · watch the clip
Matt 6:7
Negative Statements About Gentiles in Matthew
Matthew's Gospel contains several negative statements about Gentiles, such as Jesus instructing disciples not to go 'among the Gentiles' (Matthew 10:5) and referring to Gentiles as those who 'heap up empty phrases' in prayer (Matthew 6:7). This suggests a Jewish perspective within the Gospel, where Gentiles are presented as 'others' or even as a negative example, despite the Great Commission at the end.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 14: Did Matthew Try to "Re-Judaize" Jesus? · watch the clip
Matt 6:9
God as 'Our Father' and 'Your Father'
Most often, when Jesus referred to God as 'Father,' he was speaking of God as the father of his followers or even all Jews, using phrases like 'our Father' or 'your Father' (plural). This is exemplified in the Lord's Prayer, indicating that many could have God as their Father, and thus be 'sons of God,' without claiming unique divinity.
Summarized by AI · Paul and Jesus: The Great Divide · Lecture 1: Who Was Jesus According to Jesus? · watch the clip
Matthew's Popularity and Additions to the Jesus Story
Despite its origins in a law-observant Jewish Christian context, Matthew became the most popular Gospel due to its expanded narrative and teachings. It includes crucial elements not found in Mark, such as the birth of Jesus, the Sermon on the Mount (including the Lord's Prayer), and more detailed resurrection accounts, which resonated widely with early Christians seeking more information about Jesus.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 6: Why Multiple Gospels | Matthew’s Vision of Jesus · watch the clip
Matt 6:10
The Kingdom of Heaven vs. Kingdom of God
Matthew uniquely uses the term 'kingdom of heaven' 32 times, never 'kingdom of God,' unlike Mark and Luke. This preference is sometimes attributed to a Jewish custom of avoiding the divine name, substituting 'heaven' for 'God.' However, it could also reflect Matthew's theological emphasis on the connection between heaven and earth, as seen in phrases like 'on earth as it is in heaven' in the Lord's Prayer.
Summarized by AI · The Mysteries of the Synoptic Gospels: Discovering Matthew, Mark, and Luke · Lecture 14: Did Matthew Try to "Re-Judaize" Jesus? · watch the clip
Matt 6:12
Luke's focus on forgiveness of sins
Luke's consistent emphasis on the forgiveness of sins, evident in stories like the anointing woman (Luke 7:36-50) and the Prodigal Son, provides a clear motivation for him to change Matthew's 'debts' to 'sins' in the Lord's Prayer. This demonstrates Luke's editorial tendency to align material with his overarching theological themes, making his version secondary to Matthew's.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 4: The Case Against Q · watch the clip
Jesus' teaching on forgiveness in the Lord's Prayer
In the Lord's Prayer, Jesus instructs his followers to ask God for forgiveness of sins or debts, mirroring their own forgiveness of others who are indebted to them. This teaching emphasizes that human forgiveness of others is a prerequisite for receiving divine forgiveness, rather than the other way around.
Summarized by AI · Luke's Maverick Gospel · Lecture 7: Did Jesus Die for Your Sins? · watch the clip
Jesus' View of Forgiveness vs. Paul's Atonement
Jesus taught that God forgives moral debts directly, similar to forgiving a financial loan, as seen in the Lord's Prayer. Paul, however, does not speak of forgiveness in the same way. Instead, Paul's theology centers on Jesus' death as a substitutionary atonement, paying the penalty for sin because the 'wages of sin is death.' God accepts this sacrifice rather than simply forgiving.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Paul and Jesus at Odds · watch the clip
Jesus' Teaching on Forgiveness as Debt Cancellation
Jesus taught that forgiveness involves letting go of a wrong without requiring payment or penalty, likening it to forgiving a debt. In the Lord's Prayer, as recorded in Matthew's Gospel, Jesus instructs followers to pray for God to forgive their debts as they forgive their debtors, implying a complete cancellation of the obligation.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Have to Suffer? Trying to Make Sense of a Troubling View · watch the clip
Jesus' Teaching on Forgiveness
Jesus strongly emphasized forgiveness, aligning with some Jewish thought of his time. In the Lord's Prayer, he teaches followers to ask God for forgiveness of debts as they forgive their debtors, implying forgiveness without requiring payment or penalty. Jesus' teachings in the Gospels focus on repentance and God's willingness to forgive, rather than atonement through sacrifice.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Where Did Original Sin Come From? · watch the clip
Matt 6:19-21
Focus on God, Not Earthly Wealth
Jesus directly teaches that people should not accumulate earthly treasures, which are perishable and vulnerable to loss. Instead, they should focus on storing up 'treasures in heaven,' which refers to spiritual wealth and the Kingdom of God itself, as one's ultimate devotion will follow where their treasure lies.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 3: Jesus the Capitalist · watch the clip
Giving to the poor brings heavenly treasures
The Acts of Thomas illustrates that giving money to the poor, even if it's not your own, builds 'treasures in heaven.' In the story, Thomas uses King Gondophares' funds, intended for a palace, to help the needy, thereby securing a magnificent mansion in heaven for the king. This act of generosity, revealed to Gondophares' deceased brother, leads to the king's conversion and a life dedicated to almsgiving, demonstrating a win-win scenario where earthly wealth translates into eternal rewards.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 7: Salubrious Developments · watch the clip
Jesus's Incentives for Giving and Their Misinterpretation
Jesus incentivized giving by promising 'treasure in heaven,' which was meant to motivate people to act righteously. However, this incentive is often misunderstood as a promise of literal material wealth in the afterlife, leading to a materialistic view of heaven where individuals expect mansions and golf courses, rather than focusing on a perfect existence in God's presence.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 8: Problematic Developments · watch the clip
Jesus' teachings contradict the prosperity gospel
The prosperity gospel, which links faith with earthly wealth, directly opposes Jesus' teachings. Jesus advocated for giving away wealth and storing 'treasure in heaven,' as seen in the book of Acts where his followers sold their possessions to distribute among the poor. This indicates that early Christianity did not promote the idea of material gain through faith.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does Genesis 1 Contradict Genesis 2? · watch the clip
Matt 6:23
The 'evil eye' signifies a negative perception of others
The landowner's question, 'Is your eye evil because mine is good?' refers to the concept of the 'evil eye,' which in Matthew's Sermon on the Mount, describes a negative or envious perception of others. This challenges the grumbling laborers to examine their own attitudes and how they view the good fortune of others.
Summarized by AI · The Parables of Jesus: Jewish Insights into Gospel Ethics, Humor, and Provocation · Lecture 3: Laborers and Management in the Vineyard | How to Assess Kingdom Economics · watch the clip
Matt 6:24
Oral vs. Literary Transmission: The Two Masters Saying
The saying about serving two masters illustrates the difference between oral and literary transmission. Matthew and Luke show almost perfect verbal agreement, including the specific examples of 'love/hate' and 'loyal/despise,' suggesting direct copying. In contrast, the Gospel of Thomas presents the same core idea with different illustrations and verbal pairs, typical of oral tradition where the 'gist' is preserved but wording varies.
Summarized by AI · Did Q Exist? · Lecture 1: The Synoptic Problem · watch the clip
Incompatibility of Serving God and Wealth
Jesus explicitly states that it is impossible to serve both God and wealth (mammon). This teaching implies a complete devotion to one or the other, not a prioritization, indicating that any service to wealth detracts from full service to God.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 3: Jesus the Capitalist · watch the clip
Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Service
Jesus's teachings clearly state that wealth does not matter and should not be sought after; instead, if one has money, it should be given away. He emphasized that one cannot serve both God and mammon, implying a complete devotion to God that precludes the pursuit of material riches. This contrasts sharply with the prosperity gospel's encouragement of wealth acquisition.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 8: Problematic Developments · watch the clip
Jesus's Rejection of Wealth vs. Revelation's Glorification of Wealth
Jesus in the Gospels strongly opposed wealth, instructing followers to sell everything and give to the poor, emphasizing that one cannot serve both God and money. He taught that true treasure in heaven is the kingdom of God and divine presence, not material possessions. In stark contrast, Revelation glorifies immense wealth, depicting God's throne adorned with jewels, followers with golden crowns, and the New Jerusalem as a city of pure gold and pearls, signifying a redistribution of wealth to deserving Christians.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip
Matt 6:25-26
God's provision and focus on heavenly things
Jesus' teachings, such as not worrying about food or clothing, and observing the birds of the air, imply that God will provide for those who trust Him. This suggests a reliance on God's provision, possibly through foraging, and encourages followers to prioritize heavenly concerns over earthly ones. His parables about knowing prophets by their fruits also allude to natural provisions.
Summarized by AI · Through the Eye of a Needle: Jesus's Teachings on Wealth and Their Modern Relevance · Lecture 5: Jesus' Life, Wealth, and Priorities · watch the clip