1Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and earth had passed away, and the sea was no more.
2I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
3And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying: “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man, and He will dwell with them. They will be His people, and God Himself will be with them as their God.
4‘He will wipe away every tear from their eyes,’ and there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away.”
5And the One seated on the throne said, “Behold, I make all things new.” Then He said, “Write this down, for these words are faithful and true.”
6And He told me, “It is done! I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give freely from the spring of the water of life.
7The one who overcomes will inherit all things, and I will be his God, and he will be My son.
8But to the cowardly and unbelieving and abominable and murderers and sexually immoral and sorcerers and idolaters and all liars, their place will be in the lake that burns with fire and sulfur. This is the second death.”
9Then one of the seven angels with the seven bowls full of the seven final plagues came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride, the wife of the Lamb.”
10And he carried me away in the Spirit to a mountain great and high, and showed me the holy city of Jerusalem coming down out of heaven from God,
11shining with the glory of God. Its radiance was like a most precious jewel, like a jasper, as clear as crystal.
12The city had a great and high wall with twelve gates inscribed with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel, and twelve angels at the gates.
13There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south, and three on the west.
14The wall of the city had twelve foundations bearing the names of the twelve apostles of the Lamb.
15The angel who spoke with me had a golden measuring rod to measure the city and its gates and walls.
16The city lies foursquare, with its width the same as its length. And he measured the city with the rod, and all its dimensions were equal—12,000 stadia in length and width and height.
17And he measured its wall to be 144 cubits, by the human measure the angel was using.
18The wall was made of jasper, and the city itself of pure gold, as pure as glass.
19The foundations of the city walls were adorned with every kind of precious stone: The first foundation was jasper, the second sapphire, the third chalcedony, the fourth emerald,
20the fifth sardonyx, the sixth carnelian, the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth chrysoprase, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst.
21And the twelve gates were twelve pearls, with each gate consisting of a single pearl. The main street of the city was pure gold, as clear as glass.
22But I saw no temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are its temple.
23And the city has no need of sun or moon to shine on it, because the glory of God illuminates the city, and the Lamb is its lamp.
24By its light the nations will walk, and into it the kings of the earth will bring their glory.
25Its gates will never be shut at the end of the day, because there will be no night there.
26And into the city will be brought the glory and honor of the nations.
27But nothing unclean will ever enter it, nor anyone who practices an abomination or a lie, but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s Book of Life.
Revelation 21 Verse Notes
Rev 21:1-4
New Heaven and New Earth: The End of Suffering
Revelation concludes with a vision of a new heaven and a new earth, where the former things have passed away. God will dwell among mortals, wiping away every tear, and death, mourning, crying, and pain will be no more, offering a powerful image of ultimate hope and transformation beyond suffering.
Summarized by AI · Holy Pain: Why Early Christians Embraced Suffering · Lecture 2: Apocalypticism | Making Sense of Suffering · watch the clip
Transformation of the Earth in Apocalyptic Thought
The apocalyptic view, which Jesus shared, included the belief that the world would be recreated or transformed into an eternal paradise on Earth. This concept is reflected in later Christian texts like the Book of Revelation, which draws from earlier Jewish traditions about a new world for the faithful, where resurrected bodies would be immortal and glorified.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Believe in Heaven? · watch the clip
Placement of Revelation in the New Testament
The Book of Revelation is strategically placed at the end of the Christian Bible to provide a thematic conclusion. Beginning with Genesis's creation and humanity's fall, the Bible ends with Revelation's depiction of God's final judgment, the punishment of sin, and the establishment of a new heaven and new earth, thus rounding off the entire biblical narrative.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Incredible Gospel of Judas (Iscariot) · watch the clip
Rev 21:1
Hope in a New Heaven and New Earth
Despite its imagery of judgment, Revelation ultimately offers hope through visions of a new heaven and a new earth. John sees the New Jerusalem descending from God, where God will dwell with mortals, wiping away every tear. This vision promises an end to death, mourning, crying, and pain, providing comfort and encouragement to Christians facing difficult circumstances.
Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 26: Visions of the End | Decoding Revelation · watch the clip
Contrasting Love and Wrath in John's Writings
There is a significant difference in the portrayal of God's love and wrath between the Gospel of John and 1 John, and the Book of Revelation, despite traditional authorship by the same individual. In the Gospel of John and 1 John, God is explicitly stated to be love, and Christ commands his followers to love one another. In Revelation, God's love is never mentioned, and his actions are characterized by wrath and retribution, even if some might interpret the gift of the New Jerusalem as an act of love.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the God of Revelation the Same as the God of Jesus? · watch the clip
Rev 21:6
Revelation's support for Christ's equality with God
During the 4th-century Arian controversy, which debated Christ's divine status, Revelation became useful for supporting the orthodox view. The book states that both God and Christ are the 'Alpha and the Omega,' the beginning and the end. This implied their equality, countering Arius's argument that Christ was subordinate to God, and thus helped solidify Revelation's place in the canon.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Why is the Book of Revelation in the Bible? · watch the clip
Rev 21:8
Divine Punishment in Acts and 1 Corinthians
While not as extreme as Revelation, other New Testament books do contain instances of divine punishment. In Acts, Ananias and Sapphira die after lying about their property sale, implying God's judgment. In 1 Corinthians, Paul suggests handing over a man engaged in incest to Satan for the 'destruction of his flesh,' which scholars interpret as a death curse. However, these instances differ from Revelation's portrayal of widespread, prolonged torture and destruction directly from God.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the God of Revelation the Same as the God of Jesus? · watch the clip
Rev 21:18
Jesus's Rejection of Wealth vs. Revelation's Glorification of Wealth
Jesus in the Gospels strongly opposed wealth, instructing followers to sell everything and give to the poor, emphasizing that one cannot serve both God and money. He taught that true treasure in heaven is the kingdom of God and divine presence, not material possessions. In stark contrast, Revelation glorifies immense wealth, depicting God's throne adorned with jewels, followers with golden crowns, and the New Jerusalem as a city of pure gold and pearls, signifying a redistribution of wealth to deserving Christians.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip
Rev 21:21
Jesus's Rejection of Wealth vs. Revelation's Glorification of Wealth
Jesus in the Gospels strongly opposed wealth, instructing followers to sell everything and give to the poor, emphasizing that one cannot serve both God and money. He taught that true treasure in heaven is the kingdom of God and divine presence, not material possessions. In stark contrast, Revelation glorifies immense wealth, depicting God's throne adorned with jewels, followers with golden crowns, and the New Jerusalem as a city of pure gold and pearls, signifying a redistribution of wealth to deserving Christians.
Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip
Rev 21:22
No Temple, Only Law and Heavenly Hope
Fourth Ezra does not advocate for rebuilding the temple; instead, it, along with 2 Baruch, suggests that after the destruction, only the 'Mighty One and His law' remain. Both texts envision a heavenly temple that will be revealed, shifting the focus from an earthly restoration to a spiritual or future heavenly one. This reflects a move towards rabbinic Judaism's emphasis on the law.
Summarized by AI · Judaism Before Jesus · Lecture 20: After the Fall · watch the clip