Paths in Biblical Studies

Book of Revelation · Chapter 2 of 22

Revelation 2: Verse-by-Verse Commentary (with Videos)

29 verses · 14 video commentaries from 2 courses · Berean Standard Bible

1“To the angel of the church in Ephesus write: These are the words of Him who holds the seven stars in His right hand and walks among the seven golden lampstands.

2I know your deeds, your labor, and your perseverance. I know that you cannot tolerate those who are evil, and you have tested and exposed as liars those who falsely claim to be apostles.

3Without growing weary, you have persevered and endured many things for the sake of My name.

4But I have this against you: You have abandoned your first love.

5Therefore, keep in mind how far you have fallen. Repent and perform the deeds you did at first. But if you do not repent, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place.

6But you have this to your credit: You hate the works of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.

7He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who overcomes, I will grant the right to eat from the tree of life in the Paradise of God.

8To the angel of the church in Smyrna write: These are the words of the First and the Last, who died and returned to life.

9I know your affliction and your poverty—though you are rich! And I am aware of the slander of those who falsely claim to be Jews, but are in fact a synagogue of Satan.

10Do not fear what you are about to suffer. Behold, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison to test you, and you will suffer tribulation for ten days. Be faithful even unto death, and I will give you the crown of life.

11He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who overcomes will not be harmed by the second death.

12To the angel of the church in Pergamum write: These are the words of the One who holds the sharp, double-edged sword.

13I know where you live, where the throne of Satan sits, yet you hold fast to My name. You did not deny your faith in Me, even in the days of My faithful witness Antipas, who was killed among you where Satan dwells.

14But I have a few things against you, because some of you hold to the teaching of Balaam, who taught Balak to place a stumbling block before the Israelites so they would eat food sacrificed to idols and commit sexual immorality.

15In the same way, some of you also hold to the teaching of the Nicolaitans.

16Therefore repent! Otherwise I will come to you shortly and wage war against them with the sword of My mouth.

17He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who overcomes, I will give the hidden manna. I will also give him a white stone inscribed with a new name, known only to the one who receives it.

18To the angel of the church in Thyatira write: These are the words of the Son of God, whose eyes are like a blazing fire and whose feet are like polished bronze.

19I know your deeds—your love, your faith, your service, your perseverance—and your latest deeds are greater than your first.

20But I have this against you: You tolerate that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess. By her teaching she misleads My servants to be sexually immoral and to eat food sacrificed to idols.

21Even though I have given her time to repent of her immorality, she is unwilling.

22Behold, I will cast her onto a bed of sickness, and those who commit adultery with her will suffer great tribulation unless they repent of her deeds.

23Then I will strike her children dead, and all the churches will know that I am the One who searches minds and hearts, and I will repay each of you according to your deeds.

24But I say to the rest of you in Thyatira, who do not hold to her teaching and have not learned the so-called deep things of Satan: I will place no further burden upon you

25than to hold fast to what you have until I come.

26And to the one who overcomes and continues in My work until the end, I will give authority over the nations.

27He will rule them with an iron scepter and shatter them like pottery—just as I have received authority from My Father.

28And I will give him the morning star.

29He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches.

Revelation 2 Section and Chapter Commentary

Rev 2:1-29

Letters to the Seven Churches

Following his initial vision, John is instructed by Christ to write letters to each of the seven churches in Asia Minor, detailed in chapters two and three. These letters address specific commendations and criticisms for each church, warning them to 'shape up' or face judgment, such as having their 'lampstand taken away.' This demonstrates that John's message was intended for contemporary Christians he knew, not for a distant future audience.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Book of Revelation and the End of the World: Are the Signs Now Being Fulfilled? · watch the clip

Rev 2:18-29

Jezebel and Food Offered to Idols

In the letter to the church in Thyatira, Christ condemns a prophetess named 'Jezebel' for encouraging sexual immorality and the eating of food offered to idols. John views eating sacrificial meat as a grave sin, equating it with sexual immorality, a stricter stance than Paul's more nuanced discussion in 1 Corinthians 8 and 10. Christ threatens severe punishment for Jezebel and her followers, including sexual violence and the killing of her children, highlighting a disturbing portrayal of divine judgment.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Book of Revelation and the End of the World: Are the Signs Now Being Fulfilled? · watch the clip

Rev 2:18-23

Revelation's Condemnation of Jezebel

In Revelation 2-3, Jesus dictates a letter to the church in Thyatira, condemning a woman he calls 'Jezebel.' She is described as a prophetess or church leader who teaches followers that it is permissible to eat meat offered to idols, which Jesus equates with idolatry and sexual immorality. Jesus threatens severe punishment, including throwing her on a 'bed' (implying sexual exploitation) and killing her children, which is a disturbing portrayal of divine retribution.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Disturbing Views of God and Suffering in the Book of Job · watch the clip

Revelation's Condemnation of Jezebel and Troubling Imagery

In Revelation, Christ, through John, condemns a prophetess named Jezebel in the church of Thyatira for allowing the consumption of meat offered to pagan idols and engaging in 'gross sexual immorality.' Christ threatens to cast her onto a bed for sexual encounters and to kill her children. This passage presents troubling imagery, raising questions about the author's views on women and the extent to which such imagery aligns with the teachings of Jesus.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Coming Apocalypse! Jewish and Christian Views of the End of the World · watch the clip

Revelation 2 Verse Notes

Rev 2:1-3

Revelation's Letters and Persian Inscription Structure

The structure of the seven letters to the churches in Revelation mirrors that of a Persian inscription from a sanctuary in Asia Minor, specifically a letter from Darius. Both follow a pattern of 'I [authority], I have this and I'm happy that you're doing this, but I have this thing against you because you've done this.' This suggests that Revelation's letters were crafted to establish legitimacy for Jesus and the Christian communities in a way that resonated with established local traditions of authority and communication.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Where Does Our Christianity Actually Come From? · watch the clip

Rev 2:1

Jesus' Illiteracy and Lack of Writings

Jesus is only depicted reading once in the New Testament (Luke 4) and is not shown writing anything, except for a non-original story in John about writing on the ground. The Book of Revelation shows Jesus dictating letters to John, which was considered writing. The absence of gospels written by Jesus himself is likely because they were attributed to his followers.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Did Jesus Even Exist? · watch the clip

Rev 2:10

Revelation's Context: Persecution and Imperial Cult

Revelation assumes Christians are experiencing religious intolerance, with the author, John, identifying himself as sharing in persecution. The text mentions a martyr named Antipas and predicts imprisonment for some, suggesting a backdrop of harassment. This pressure likely stemmed from the expectation for Christians to participate in the Roman imperial cult, which was prevalent in Asia Minor.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 26: Visions of the End | Decoding Revelation · watch the clip

Rev 2:13

Revelation's Context: Persecution and Imperial Cult

Revelation assumes Christians are experiencing religious intolerance, with the author, John, identifying himself as sharing in persecution. The text mentions a martyr named Antipas and predicts imprisonment for some, suggesting a backdrop of harassment. This pressure likely stemmed from the expectation for Christians to participate in the Roman imperial cult, which was prevalent in Asia Minor.

Summarized by AI · The New Testament: Exploring the Christian Bible · Lecture 26: Visions of the End | Decoding Revelation · watch the clip

Revelation's opposition to imperial cult in Pergamum

The city of Pergamum, where the first provincial imperial temple was built for Augustus in 29 BC, is referred to as 'Satan's throne' in Revelation. This highlights the early Christian movement's direct opposition to the imperial cult and its worship of emperors, a major theme throughout Revelation.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Gospel Readers Already Knew a Son of God. It Wasn't Jesus. · watch the clip

Rev 2:14

Requirements for Salvation in Revelation

To avoid destruction, one must be a devout follower of Jesus, characterized by religious enthusiasm and a willingness to die for one's faith, as lukewarm believers will be cast out. This includes accepting Christ and God as divine equals and adhering to strict moral behaviors, such as abstaining from meat offered to pagan idols, even if purchased in the marketplace, to avoid damnation in the lake of fire.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip

Rev 2:20-23

Symbolism of Violence and its Impact

While Revelation uses symbolism, the choice of violent imagery is significant. For example, Christ's threat to 'Jezebel' in Thyatira to throw her on a bed, have men sleep with her, and kill her children, while likely not literal, still conveys a disturbing image of divine retribution. The speaker argues that such imagery, rather than promoting peaceful conversion through missionaries, stirs up readers to imagine God as violent, potentially leading them to believe that violence is a legitimate means to pursue God's ways.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Is the Christ of Revelation Out for Blood? · watch the clip

Rev 2:20

Purpose of Revelation: Destruction of God's Enemies

John of Patmos's primary purpose in writing Revelation is to emphasize the imminent destruction of God's enemies, which include the Roman Empire, its emperor, and most of humanity. Only Christians who adhere to John's specific viewpoint will be saved and rewarded, while other Christians, Jews, and pagans face violent destruction. The author explicitly describes the book as being about the wrath of God.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip

Requirements for Salvation in Revelation

To avoid destruction, one must be a devout follower of Jesus, characterized by religious enthusiasm and a willingness to die for one's faith, as lukewarm believers will be cast out. This includes accepting Christ and God as divine equals and adhering to strict moral behaviors, such as abstaining from meat offered to pagan idols, even if purchased in the marketplace, to avoid damnation in the lake of fire.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · Does John of Patmos Accept the Gospel of Jesus? · watch the clip

Rev 2:22

Interpretation of 'laying her on a bed' in Revelation 2:22

In Revelation 2:22, the Son of Man states he will 'lay her on a bed' (kline) and those who commit adultery with her will face severe consequences, including the death of her children. This passage is often interpreted as the Whore of Babylon, a prostitute, being laid on a bed to engage in prostitution, leading to judgment for her and her partners.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Most Difficult Interpretation of the New Testament I've Encountered · watch the clip

Alternative interpretations of 'laying her on a bed'

The phrase 'laying her on a bed' in Revelation 2:22 has alternative interpretations. It could refer to being laid on a 'sick bed' or 'bed of illness,' a Hebrew idiom for being subjected to terrible consequences or illness. Another interpretation suggests it means being laid on a 'bed of suffering,' which could encompass various forms of suffering, including sexual violence.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Most Difficult Interpretation of the New Testament I've Encountered · watch the clip

Sexual violence interpretation of Revelation 2:22

A difficult interpretation of Revelation 2:22 suggests that the Son of Man actually subjects the woman to sexual violence. This interpretation is challenging for modern readers due to its discordance with the portrayal of Jesus in the canonical Gospels, where he is not depicted engaging in such acts.

Summarized by AI · Bart D. Ehrman · YouTube · The Most Difficult Interpretation of the New Testament I've Encountered · watch the clip

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